Chapter 8.1 – The Need for Energy I.The Need for Energy – all organisms must get energy from their environment to do work A.Autotrophs – organisms that harvest energy from sunlight or chemicals  green plants, green algae, green bacteria B.Heterotrophs – organisms that consume energy from other organisms  humans, snakes, cockroaches, tapeworms, bacteria, yeast/fungi, venus fly trap

C.ATP – an energy molecule 1.Energy is stored in its bonds 2.Energy gets released when ATP is broken apart, forming ADP Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)‏ Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)‏

D.Examples of Cells Using Energy: 1.any exercise 2.thinking 3.digesting 4. breathing

II.Photosynthesis – trapping the sun’s energy A.Chloroplast – part of an autotroph’s cells that trap light energy B.Chlorophyll – green pigment in the chloroplast that converts the sun’s energy into ATP  it absorbs all colors, except green  green is reflected back to our eyes

C.Photosynthesis – the process that uses the sun’s energy to make glucose 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + sun → C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 2 steps: 1.Light-Dependent Reactions  Sunlight is converted into ATP 2.Light-Independent Reactions (Dark Reactions / Calvin Cycle)  ATP (from step 1) and CO 2 are used to make glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 )

III.Cellular Respiration – the process where cells in ALL living things use cell parts called mitochondria to get ATP energy from glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 → 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O 3 Steps to make 36 ATP: 1.Glycolysis – chemical reactions that break apart glucose (2 ATP made) 2.Citric Acid Cycle / Krebs Cycle (2 ATP made) 3.Electron Transport Chain (32 ATP made)

A.Aerobic Respiration – happens with oxygen when your body operates normally B.Anaerobic Respiration – fermentation happens when your body lacks O 2 1.In Animals: lactic acid fermentation causes muscle stiffness (side aches) 2.In Plants or Fungi: alcoholic fermentation produces ethanol & CO 2  Brewing Industry – ethanol is the “ alcohol ” in beer and wine, CO 2 adds fizz  Bread Industry – yeast produces CO 2, but ethanol evaporates during baking

Cellular Respiration O2O2 Who?Products Made Causes… Aerobic Cellular Respiration presentAll living things (plants, animals, bacteria, fungi, protists) CO 2 H 2 O Energy Anaerobic Respiration: Lactic Acid Fermentation absentAnimalsCO 2 H 2 O Lactic Acid Muscle Stiffness (side aches) Anaerobic Respiration: Alcoholic Fermentation absentPlants, bacteria, fungi, protists CO 2 H 2 O Ethanol  Bread to rise  beer to have fizz  Evaporates in oven w/ bread  Stays in beer to make it “alcoholic”

PhotosynthesisCellular Respiration Food - Made or Broken down? MadeBroken down Energy - Stored or Released? StoredReleased CO2 - Taken in or Given off? Taken inGiven off O2 - Taken in or Given off? Given offTaken in Produces - What 2 things? Glucose & O 2 CO 2 & H 2 O Light - Required or Not? Light requiredLight NOT required Where does it happen?Chloroplasts of PlantsMitochondria of ALL living things