1. Cell Energy ATP and Photosynthesis

2. The Energy Molecule- ATP Energy in the body is used to maintain homeostasis Homeostasis- maintaining a constant internal environment even though external conditions change

3. Examples of Homeostasis Body temperature regulation When it is cold we shiver When it is hot we sweat

4. Examples of Homeostasis Glucose regulation in the blood

5. The Energy Molecule- ATP ATP is the molecule in the body that stores energy in the bonds between phosphate groups. When a bond between the phosphate groups is broken, energy is released.

6. The Energy Molecule- ATP Parts of an ATP molecule ATP stands for the molecule adenosine triphosphate. ATP contains one base, one sugar, and 3 phosphate groups Sugar- ribose Base-adenine PPP

7. The Energy Molecule-ATP ADP- Adenosine Diphosphate- 2 phosphate groups AMP – Adenosine Monophosphate – 1 phosphate group Sugar- ribose Base-adenine PP Sugar- ribose Base-adenine P

8. The Energy Molecule-ATP Cycling of ATP ATP gains a phosphate through cellular respiration-stores energy ATP loses a phosphate-energy is released

9. The Energy Molecule-ATP

10. Photosynthesis Producers like plants, algae and some bacteria Plants trap energy from the sun, and build glucose molecules Light energy is converted to chemical energy.

11. Photosynthesis Pigments Light is absorbed by pigments in the chloroplasts called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is a green pigment that absorbs most wavelengths of light. Other pigments include the colors red, orange, and yellow. chloroplast

12. Photosynthesis Overall reaction for photosynthesis 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 Energy, light, & chlorophyll

13. Photo synthesis 2 phases of photosynthesis The light-dependent reaction The light-independent reaction (dark reaction)

14. Photosynthesis Light-dependent reaction Light is converted to ATP, a form of chemical energy The electron transport chain is when electrons from light are passed from one protein to another. Small amounts of energy are released along the way that convert ADP to ATP.

15. Photosynthesis Light-Dependent Reaction ATP & H + H2OH2O sunlight Electron Transport Chain Products go to Light-Independent Reaction   

16. Photosynthesis Light-independent reaction (dark reaction) ATP is converted to glucose The Calvin Cycle is a series of reactions that use CO 2 to form carbohydrates, mainly glucose.

17. Photosynthesis Light-Independent Reaction ATP & H + Calvin Cycle CO 2 Glucose

18. Summary of Photosynthesis Light & enzymes H2OH2OO2O2 Glucose H2OH2O ATP & H + CO 2 Light Reaction Dark Reaction

19. Cellular Respiration Process of breaking down food molecules to produce energy (ATP)

20. Cellular Respiration Types of respiration Aerobic respiration requires oxygen Anaerobic respiration uses no oxygen

21. Cellular Respiration 3 stages of aerobic respiration Glycolysis Citric acid cycle Electron transport chain

22. Cellular Respiration 1. Glycolysis- Glucose, a six carbon sugar, is broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid, a 3 carbon molecule. 2 ATP used, 4 ATP made or gained, therefore there is a net gain of 2 ATP. This reaction does not use oxygen and is therefore an anaerobic process. This reaction occurs in the cytoplasm

23. Cellular Respiration Pyruvic acid now moves to the mitochondria where aerobic respiration can take place. 2. Citric Acid Cycle (Kreb ’ s cycle) Pyruvic Acid is broken down to release CO 2 and 2 ATP.

24. Cellular Respiration Electron Transport Chain Oxygen is used to make water and 32 ATP.

25. Cellular Respiration Overall Reaction for Aerobic Respiration C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O NOTE: Photosynthesis is the opposite reaction of respiration. The reactants of one are the products of the other.

26. Cellular Respiration

27. Anaerobic Respiration – 2 types Lactic Acid Fermentation Alcoholic Fermentation

28. Cellular Respiration Lactic Acid Fermentation- occurs when oxygen is scarce. Pyruvic acid is converted into 2 molecules of lactic acid and 2 molecules of ATP. Lactic Acid causes muscle fatigue in the body.

29. Cellular Respiration Alcoholic fermentation- organisms like yeast and bacteria use this process to produce energy without the use of oxygen Pyruvic acid is converted to ethyl alcohol, carbon dioxide and 2 ATP When yeast is used to make bread, the carbon dioxide causes bubbles to form in the dough.

30. Cellular Respiration Summary Glucose Glycolysis Pyruvic acid 2 ATP Anaerobic Aerobic Lactic Acid Fermentation Alcoholic Fermentation Lactic Acid 2 ATP Ethyl Alcohol, CO 2, 2 ATP In cytoplasm In mitochondrion Electron Transport Chain 32 ATP Kreb ’ s Cycle 2 ATP 36 ATP, CO 2 & H 2 O

31. Summary of Respiration CharacteristicStarting materials 1 st stepUses oxygen Cell locationProductsNumber of ATP produced Net Gain of ATP Aerobic Respiration GlucoseGlycolysisYesMitochondriaCO 2, H 2 O, energy (ATP) 38 ATP 36 ATP Lactic Acid Fermentation GlucoseGlycolysisNoCytoplasmLactic acid, ATP 4 ATP2 ATP Alcoholic Fermentation glucoseGlycolysisNocytoplasmEthyl alcohol, CO 2, ATP 4 ATP2 ATP

32. Comparison of Photosynthesis and Respiration CharacteristicsPhotosynthesisAerobic Respiration Reactants/requirements CO 2, H 2 0, light, chlorophyll, enzymes Glucose, O 2 Products Glucose, O 2 CO 2, H 2 0, 36 ATP Locationchloroplastsmitochondria Use of energystoragerelease Use of food moleculesFood madeFood broken down