Maggie Hill

 Charles V abdicated the Spanish branch of his throne to his son, Philip II.  Brought the entire Iberian Peninsula under his rule  Titular king of England  Claimed the throne to France  All of America and most of the ships in the ocean were Philip II’s.  Catholic  Spain enters upon Golden Age of culture

Literature such as Don Quixote and paintings from artists such as El Greco flourished. Jesuit Suarez composed works on philosophy and law Church was present at every social level Archbishop equal to the mendicant friars. By 1600, a third of the population was said to have been in the service of the Church

 Elizabeth in England  Calvinism in the Netherlands  Civil war in France  Calvinists felt closer to their religion than their monarchs or neighbors  Catholics welcomed support of Jesuits, Philip II, and the pope.

 1567: firm governor general, Duke of Alva, sent to the Netherlands with 20,000 Spanish Soldiers  1569: Philip ended revolt of Moriscos in Spain  1569:Duke of Norway led the Catholics of Northern England to rebel against Elizabeth who was then excommunicated by the pope.  1572: The Catholic leaders of France, with the advice of the pope and of Philip II, tried to end the Huguenots

 However, none of these offensives or victories lasted  Elizabeth’s government ended the Catholic rebellion  People of the Netherlands continued to revolt  Huguenots remained alive  Turks took Tunis back from Philip II

 17 provinces that were each a small state or country itself  Protestant ideas took root in 1560  Many French Calvinists fled to the Netherlands  200 nobles of the provinces founded a league to check the influence of Philip II on the Netherlands  Catholic and Protestant nobles belonged  Petitioned that Philip II not spread the Inquisition to the Netherlands  Petition was refused and mass revolt started  The wage earners, industrial workers, and those angered by social, economic, and religious grievances  The Catholic and some Protestant nobles recoiled their petition

Council of Troubles sentenced thousands to death, levied new taxes, and confiscated noble’s estates. Unifies the people of all classes against Spain William of Orange issued authorization letters to ship captains to make war at sea. These fishing crews called “sea dogs” raided port towns in the Netherlands and France The Spanish responded by renewing the practices of the Inquisition 1576: anti-Spanish feeling prevailed over religious question and they drove out the Spanish

 Elizabeth, “queen of heretics”  Supported the Netherlands, mostly the northern provinces  Formed the Union of Utrecht and declared their independence from the king of Spain calling themselves the United Provinces of the Netherlands or the Dutch Republic.  England emerges as main defender of Protestantism and anti-Spanish feeling in northwestern Europe  England rallied to Protestantism and Elizabeth

 Philip II decides he must invade England because the pillaging of the “sea dogs” was costing the Spanish  English responded by executing Mary Stuart  Philip II was preparing the Armada  Sir Francis Drake led the English against the Armada and destroyed the fleet  The war continued  Philip II died a broken man  England assured their national independence and acquired nationalism. England becomes more solidly Protestant

 The Netherlands  The northern seven provinces which were the Union of Utrecht became known as the Dutch  10 provinces south of the line were the Spanish Netherlands  Protestants in the south either converted or fled to the north  The south (modern Belgium) was all Catholic, however the Dutch were not completely Protestant  Spain  Remains most formidable military power of Europe for 50 more years  Internal decline begins  Monarchy struggled  Country depended on treasures coming from the Indies  Forces of the country weakened by inflation, taxation, emigration, and depopulation  Portugal reestablishes independence in 1640

References File:Tizian 060.jpg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (n.d.). Retrieved October 7, 2013, from wiki/File:Tizian_060.jpg Palmer, R. R., Colton, J., & Kramer, L.S. (2002). A history of the modern world. Boston: McGraw-Hill. Retrieved from Routes_of_the_Spanish_Armada.gif Retrieved from Philip_II_of_Spain_by_Antonio_Moro.jpg