1. The Monarchs of Europe Section 1

2. The Monarchs of Europe Section 1 Click the icon to play Listen to History audio. Click the icon below to connect to the Interactive Maps.

3. The Monarchs of Europe Section 1

4. The Monarchs of Europe Section 1 Reading Focus What challenges did King Charles I face when he became Emperor Charles V? What were some artistic achievements of Spain’s golden age? How did Spain rise and then decline under Philip II? Main Idea Spain experienced a golden age during the 1500s, but economic problems and military struggles decreased Spanish power by the 1600s. The Power of Spain

5. The Monarchs of Europe Section 1 When Charles became king of Spain, he inherited the Low Countries of Belgium and the Netherlands, along with colonies in the Americas. 1519, throne of Holy Roman Empire became vacant Position elective; Charles borrowed money to buy votes Became Holy Roman Emperor Charles V –Holdings expanded to parts of Italy, Austria, various German states –So vast ‘the sun never set” over it Emperor Charles V Ruling vast territories not easy task for Charles Faced enemies on all sides— Ottoman Turks, French, rebellious German princes Also fought for religious control over Europe Wanted Europe to be Roman Catholic Growing Protestant movement threatened influence Enemies Everywhere Charles V and the Empire

6. The Monarchs of Europe Section 1 Peace Agreement gave each German prince right to decide if his state would be Catholic or Protestant Charles’ vision of a Catholic Europe never became reality Constant warfare also brought Charles to brink of bankruptcy Confrontation 1521, Charles confronted Protestant leader Martin Luther directly In spite of Charles’ efforts, Protestants gained influence Rebellions against Catholic rulers spread After years of warfare, Charles V had to sign Peace of Augsburg

7. The Monarchs of Europe Section 1 Brother took over Hapsburg holdings in Austria Son, Philip II, ruled Netherlands, Spain, Sicily, Spain’s colonies Charles V moved to monastery, dream of unified empire unfulfilled Imposing Their Will Frustrated by failures in Europe 1556, Charles V gave up thrones Decided to divide large empire Split between his brother and his son Relinquished Thrones Dividing the Empire

8. The Monarchs of Europe Section 1 Draw Conclusions In what ways was Charles V successful as an emperor? In what ways was he unsuccessful? Answer(s): successful—exploration of the Americas, which brought fabulous wealth to Spain; unsuccessful—did not maintain religious control over Europe; constant wars brought financial problems

9. The Monarchs of Europe Section 1 Spain at peak of grandeur with reign of Philip II One reason—stream of gold and silver from colonies in Americas With wealth came power—but gold could not solve Spain’s problems King Philip II devout Catholic Saw himself as leader of Counter- Reformation Marriage to Queen Mary I of England chance to spread Catholicism Religion and Revolt Mary died before having heir to return England to Catholic faith Philip also wanted to secure position of Catholicism in European territories Catholicism in Territories Philip’s faith clashed with Calvinist Protestantism of northern Low Country provinces 1560s, bloody revolt began Revolt in the Low Countries Spain under Philip II

10. The Monarchs of Europe Section 1 Dutch Revolt Dutch refused to declare allegiance to Philip To punish, Philip sent army under command of Duke of Alba Alba set up court –Known locally as Court of Blood –Tortured, executed thousands suspected of being rebels –Cruelties made situation worse; rebellion broke out anew Revolt dragged on for decades 1609, truce reached Seven northern provinces formed independent nation, the Netherlands Southern provinces remained in Spanish hands

11. The Monarchs of Europe Section 1 English Aid to Dutch Dutch revolt deepened another rivalry, between Spain, England As fellow Protestants, England sent aid to Dutch rebels England’s assistance to Dutch infuriated Philip Invasion Planned King Philip II wanted to stop England from raiding ships, return England to Catholic Church Decided to invade England Attacks on Spanish Ships Philip also worried about English attacks on his ships England’s Queen Elizabeth I allowed ship captains to attack Spanish treasure ships, steal gold, silver for England Spain and England

12. The Monarchs of Europe Section 1 Philip ordered navy to assemble great fleet, the Spanish Armada Totaled about 130 ships, 20,000 soldiers, sailors 1588, invincible fleet sailed into English channel Queen Elizabeth I rallied troops and prepared for attack Spanish packed ships with soldiers for land invasion Also planned to be joined by Spanish forces in Netherlands Faced fierce naval battles that severely damaged fleet Naval Battles English aimed eight fire ships at remaining ships of Armada Spanish ships fled in panic, disarray As damaged ships made way home, several were wrecked Armada Not Invincible Philip’s Armada

13. The Monarchs of Europe Section 1 Relying on traditional agricultural economy, Spain’s economy lagged behind that of other countries. Spain declined as a major power. The defeat of the Armada was not the end for Spain, which recovered from the loss. But England remained Protestant, defiant, and undefeated. Spain’s real problems internal Philip’s government centralized He trusted no one Court riddled by factions, suspicion Government action practically came to standstill Internal Problems An Empire in Decline Philip spent wealth from Americas on constant warfare Borrowed money often; went bankrupt four times Prices driven up, inflation Spain did not develop industries Americans Join the Battle

14. The Monarchs of Europe Section 1 Recall What were two events that caused problems for Spain? Answer(s): revolt in the Netherlands; defeat of the Spanish Armada