Macromolecules  Standard I h: Students know most macromolecules (polysaccharides, nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids) in cells and organisms are synthesized from a small collection of simple precursors.

 Mono = one  Poly = many  Monomers are single units (like bricks)  Polymers are long chains of monomers (like a wall)

 Macromolecules in cells are created from  ANSWERS:  A) groups of cellsB) toxic substances  C) small moleculesD) one element

 Macromolecules are also known as  ANSWERS:  A) PolymersB) Monomers  C) micromoleculesD) Nucleotides

Summary MacromoleculeMonomerPolymerUses/Exampl es Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates MonosaccharidesPolysaccharides Ex: glucose starch (plants) storage glycogen (animals) storage cellulose (plants) structure chitin (insects,fungi) structure Monomers = monosaccharides Polymers = polysaccharides Uses: Main energy source for cells, Structure

Lipids Saturated FatsUnsaturated Fats Animal fat room temp Glycerol w/ 3 fatty acid tails All single bonds Plant fat room temp Glycerol w/ 3 fatty acid tails 1 or more double bonds Monomers = glycerol + fatty acids Polymers = Lipids Uses: Energy storage, chemical messengers, cell membrane Ex: Saturated & Unsaturated Fats, Phospholipids, hormones

PhospholipidsSterols Make up cell membrane Glycerol w/ 2 fatty acid tails + phosphate “Head” likes water (hydrophilic) “Tails” hate water (hydrophobic) Cholesterol, hormones (testosterone, estrogen) Complex ring structure

Nucleic Acids DNARNA Monomers = Nucleotides (3 parts: sugar, phosphate, base) Polymers = Nucleic Acids Uses: Store & Transmit genetic info Ex: DNA & RNA Deoxyribonucleic acid Double-stranded Contains blueprint for you! Made of nucleotides Sugar (deoxyribose) Phosphate Base (A, T, G, or C) Ribonucleic acid Single-stranded Copy of blueprint used to build proteins Made of nucleotides Sugar (ribose) Phosphate Base (A, U, G, or C)

Proteins Monomers = Amino acids (Held together by peptide bonds) Polymers = Proteins Uses: Responsible for EVERYTHING about you! (Gene expression) Ex: Enzymes Peptide bond

 This group carries out gene expression (structure, transport, defense, enzymes).  ANSWERS:  A) CarbohydrateB) Lipid  C) Nucleic Acid D) Protein

 This group contains molecules that make up the cell membrane.  ANSWERS:  A) CarbohydrateB) Lipid  C) Nucleic Acid D) Protein

 This group is the main source of energy for all cells and, in plants, it is stored as starch.  ANSWERS:  A) CarbohydrateB) Lipid  C) Nucleic Acid D) Protein

 This group contains genetic information and can be found in the nucleus of a cell.  ANSWERS:  A) CarbohydrateB) Lipid  C) Nucleic Acid D) Protein

Enzymes Standard 1b

Enzymes  Enzymes are protein catalysts that speed up chemical reactions made by living organisms.  Enzymes are proteins (long chains of amino acids held together by peptide bonds)  They fold into specific 3D shapes determined by the amino acid sequence (coded in DNA)

 An enzyme has an active site where the substrate attaches/binds.  The enzyme must be the perfect shape or it won’t work!

 The reaction produces a product or products.

There are many different enzymes located in the cytoplasm of a single cell. How is a specific enzyme able to catalyze a specific reaction? A. Different enzymes are synthesized in specific areas of the cytoplasm. B. Most enzymes can catalyze many different reactions. C. An enzyme binds to a specific substrate (reactant) for the reaction catalyzed. D. Enzymes are transported to specific substrates (reactants) by ribosomes.

Function  Enzymes speed up reactions by:  A. lining up molecules so they can react (matchmaker!)  B. putting pressure on bonds to break up molecules (homewrecker!)

Reaction Energy  By lining up the molecules involved, enzymes lower the activation energy necessary for the reaction to happen.

Result  Enzymes are not used up during the reaction.  One enzyme can cause millions of reactions.

 Enzymes can be denatured (change shape) and stop working.

Factors affecting Enzyme activity  Temperature

 pH (acid & base)

 Substrate concentration  Few molecules = slow reaction  Many molecules = fast reaction

What causes tomatoes to ripen much more slowly in a refrigerator than they do if left on a table at room temperature? A. Tomatoes need sunlight to ripen. B. Humidity accelerates the ripening process. C. Low temperatures reduce the action of ripening enzymes. D. Enzymes produced by bacteria inhibit ripening.

Some snake venoms are harmful because they contain enzymes that destroy blood cells or tissues. The damage caused by such a snakebite could best be slowed by A. applying ice to the bite area. B. drinking large amounts of water. C. inducing vomiting. D. increasing blood flow to the area.