Topic 1.2.5 The Skeletal System

Lesson 1 - Objectives Develop knowledge and understanding of the function of the skeleton Understanding the four different classifications of bones Understand how each type of bone helps a sportsperson GRADE YOUR LEARNING C – Understand the 5 functions of the human skeleton B – Know the key bones within the human body and understand what classification they are. A – Link the bones and there classification to sports

Function of the Skeleton SHAPE: The way the bones are arranged gives us our general framework and shape. This is really important in sports as different sports need different body sizes / builds. GIVE 2 EXAMPLES SUPPORT: As bones are firm and rigid they can support the rest of the body and keep us upright. The muscles are held in place by being attached to bones. MOVEMENT: The bones work with the muscles to allow us to move. This is really important in sport as it allows athletes to perform the actions required.

Function of the Skeleton PROTECTION: Some bones within the body protect the internal organs. These are bones that are arranged in a way that encloses other parts of the body so shielding them from potential danger. This is really important in some sports where contact occurs. PRODUCTION OF BLOOD CELLS: The long bones of the body produce red and white blood cells. As blood cells keep wearing out it is important that the body continues to produce new ones to keep up with the demand.

Classifications of Bones LONG BONES These are the most common within the body. They are long and thin and provide leverage during sports. These are key within body for generating speed and power. SHORT BONES These are small bones that are used to produce fine movements in the hand / wrist. They can also be found in the ankle and allow us to make small adjustments to help us keep our balance.

Classifications of Bones FLAT BONES These are tough and can withstand hard impact. These often surround important parts of the body and protect them. These are really important for contact sports like rugby e.g. Cranium IRREGUAR BONES These types of bone, like the vertebrae, work together and act as shock absorbers. These are important in sports where people jump as it helps the body take the pressure placed on it.

TASK Using the text book label the diagrams on page 5 of your booklet. Once you have labelled the diagrams use a different coloured pencil in show what classification of bone each one is.

RELATE TO SPORT Work through page 6 and 7 in your booklets. Explain how the different bones help the athletes pictured. MAKE SURE YOU EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWERS

HOMEWORK Complete page 8 in your booklet. Name and explain how THREE types of bones are used in badminton and basketball? NOTE: Give specific sporting examples e.g. short bones are used in cricket to help a spin bowler spin the ball.

Lesson 2 - Objectives Develop knowledge and understanding of the different types of joints. Understanding what movement is allowed there. Understand how each type of joint helps a sportsperson GRADE YOUR LEARNING C – Know the three main joints. B – Understand what movement they allow. A – Can link the importance of each joint to specific sporting examples.

STARTER Looking back at the work done last week and name the bones being pointed out in the pictures on page 9 and explain why they are important in that particular sport.

Joint Classifications FIXED These bones are fused together and do not allow any movement e.g. plates of bones are fused together to make up the cranium. Slightly Moveable Joints These joints allow for small amounts of movement e.g. vertebrae. Cartilage between the bones acts as a cushion and prevents the bones from knocking together. Freely Moveable Joints These are more commonly know as SYNOVIAL JOINTS. These give us a wide range of movement and allow us to move freely in sport e.g. knee, elbow.

SYNOVIAL JOINTS There are 6 types of synovial joints which are: Ball and Socket Joint Hinge Joint Pivot Joint Saddle Joint Condyloid Joint Gliding Joint

3 Main Synovial Joints Ball and Socket Joints These types of joints are located at the shoulder and the hip. These types of joints allow the following types of movement: Flexion and Extension Abduction and Adduction Rotation Hinge Joints These types of joints are located at the elbow and knee. A hinge joint only allows flexion or extension to occur. Pivot Joints This type of joint is located in the neck and elbow. They involve an axis and atlas, with the atlas fitting onto the axis. This type of joint only allows rotation.

Tasks Label the diagram at the bottom of page 11 and colour in the position of the joints just looked at. Look at page 12. Explain how all three joints looked at are used in: Football Tennis Swimming

Extension Work (at the back of your booklets) Past Exam Questions Complete the questions on page 13 and 14 in your booklets. Extension Work (at the back of your booklets) Explain the movements that occur when someone bowls in cricket and the joints that are involved. Explain the movements that occur when a right handed players swings a golf club and the joints that are involved.

Lesson 3 - Objectives Develop knowledge and understanding of the structure of a synovial joint. Understanding why this is important in sport. Re-cap the different movements possible at joints. GRADE YOUR LEARNING C – Know what makes up a synovial joint. B – Know and understand the movements possible at the joints. A – Can link the movements possible at each joint to different sporting situations.

STARTER Complete the starter on page 15 of your booklets.

The Structure of a Synovial Joint Cartilage Cartilage is used as a shock absorber within the joints. It acts as a cushion so that the bones do not rub together and wear away. It basically prevents the bones rubbing together and causing friction. 2) Synovial Fluid This helps lubricate the joint, allowing all the different parts to move against each other freely. 3) Synovial Membrane This is where the synovial fluid is produced. The fluid synovial capsule is surrounds this and is what holds the fluid in place. 4) Ligaments Ligaments surround the sides of the joint and are made of tough elastic fibres. It is the ligaments that hold bones in place, so keeping the joint stabilised.

The Importance of Cartilage in Sport Cartilage is vital in any sports where continued pressure is placed upon them. For example cartilage is vital for long distance runners as they are always putting pressure on their knees when running. This is also the case in events were jumping is key e.g. triple jump, basketball.

The Importance of Ligaments in Sport Ligaments are vital in sports were running, stopping and changing direction are all key e.g. badminton, netball etc. This is because in these sports the joints are placed under a lot of pressure. When changing speed / direction the ligaments help keep the bones in the right place. If ligaments are stretched to far joints can dislocate resulting in the bones being displaced within the joint. Ligaments are vital in sports were running, stopping and changing direction are all key e.g. badminton, netball etc. This is because in these sports the joints are placed under a lot of pressure. When changing speed / direction the ligaments help keep the bones in the right place. If ligaments are stretched to far joints can dislocate resulting in the bones being displaced within the joint.

Movements Possible at Joints Using your knowledge, explain: Extension Flexion Adduction Abduction

Movements Possible at Joints Plantar Flexion: The action of pointing your toes. Dorsi Flexion: The action of moving the toes towards the body when standing / landing on your heels. Rotation: The joint moves in a circular motion.

Tasks Page 18 Name what movement is occurring at the joints listed in each picture. Page 19 Explain what movements occur in the ELBOWS and SHOULDERS during the swimming strokes listed. NOTE: Make sure you start at the beginning of a stroke and explain what happens at each phase.

Lesson 4 - Objective Develop knowledge and understanding of the effect exercise has on the skeletal system. Understand injuries associated with the skeletal system. Link these injuries to specific sports. GRADE YOUR LEARNING C – Know what injuries can occur to the skeletal system. B – Understand the short term and long term effect of exercise on the skeletal system. A – Can link both the effects of exercise and injuries to specific sports.

Short Term Effects (Immediate) Exercise causes bones to become bigger and stronger. This allows them to be able to withstand more pressure from weight bearing exercise. WHY WOULD CYCLING and SWIMMING NOT AFFECT THIS?

Long Term Effects DENSITY Regular exercise causes bones to become more dense (stronger). This will allow athletes to train / work for longer and will reduce the risk of OSTEOPOROSIS. FLEXIBILITY More synovial fluid is produced. This means that the joints become more flexible allowing a wider range of movement to occur. TENDONS + LIGAMENTS These become stronger, stabilizing the joints so that they can withstand an increased workload and more pressure. CARTILAGE Cartilage around the end of the bones becomes thicker, again allowing the athlete to withstand more pressure.

Injuries Associated with the Skeletal System Using the text books explain the injuries associated with the skeletal system on page 21 + 22 of your work book. DIET To keep the bones healthy and strong CALCIUM is required within our diet. Calcium gives bones strength and can prevent the onset of OSTEOPOROSIS. The main sources of calcium are milk, cheese and other dairy products. Vitiman D also helps to maintain bone mass. This is produced in the body when sunlight hits our skin. It can also be found in eggs and fish.

TASK Page 23 in your workbooks. Give 2 examples of sports where these injuries could occur in and give a reason for your answer. HOMEWORK Start revising for next weeks TEST on the MUSCULAR and SKELETAL systems. REMEMBER the three tests are on ‘MOODLE’ so look over them to help your revision.