CH.23-An Era of Social Change The Counterculture and Continuing Social Movements

Ch 23 Sec 1 Latinos and Native American Seek Equality How did the population of Latinos grow in the US during in the 1960’s? How did the population of Latinos grow in the US during in the 1960’s? How did Latinos fight for Civil Rights? How did Latinos fight for Civil Rights? How did Native Americans secure reforms of US government policy? How did Native Americans secure reforms of US government policy? How did Gay/Lesbian Americans fight for equal rights? How did Gay/Lesbian Americans fight for equal rights?

Latinos of Varied Origins Mexican Americans – 1miilion came in 1910’s following the Mexican Revolution, some came in the 1940’s and 1950’s as braceros, and 1 million came in the 60’s Mexican Americans – 1miilion came in 1910’s following the Mexican Revolution, some came in the 1940’s and 1950’s as braceros, and 1 million came in the 60’s Puerto Ricans began immigrating after the Spanish American War of 1898, and by 1960’s 1miilion in the US (1/2 NYC) Puerto Ricans began immigrating after the Spanish American War of 1898, and by 1960’s 1miilion in the US (1/2 NYC) Cubans fled Castro after 1959 and large communities formed in NYC, Miami, NJ Cubans fled Castro after 1959 and large communities formed in NYC, Miami, NJ During the 1960’s thousand of Central and South American emigrated During the 1960’s thousand of Central and South American emigrated Most Latinos lived in barrios Most Latinos lived in barrios

Latinos Fight For Change In 1966 Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta merged their new unions to form the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee In 1966 Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta merged their new unions to form the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee Chavez believed in non-violence in dealing with California’s large fruit and vegetable companies (Ex. Boycotts/Fast) Chavez believed in non-violence in dealing with California’s large fruit and vegetable companies (Ex. Boycotts/Fast) In the 1960’s the Chicano Movement took off, “Brown Power” and the “Brown Berets” demanded Spanish speaking classes and Chicano studies programs at universities (Bilingual ED. Act of 1968) In the 1960’s the Chicano Movement took off, “Brown Power” and the “Brown Berets” demanded Spanish speaking classes and Chicano studies programs at universities (Bilingual ED. Act of 1968)

Latino Political Power During the 1960’s eight Hispanic Americans served in the House and Joseph was elected to the Senate During the 1960’s eight Hispanic Americans served in the House and Joseph was elected to the Senate In the 1940’s and 1950’s the League of United Latin American Citizens fought in the courts for school desegregation and gov. funding In the 1940’s and 1950’s the League of United Latin American Citizens fought in the courts for school desegregation and gov. funding In the 1970’s La Raza Unida ( Mexican Americans United) ran Mexican Candidates in many local elections In the 1970’s La Raza Unida ( Mexican Americans United) ran Mexican Candidates in many local elections In 1963 the more radical Alianza Federal de Mercedes seized a Texas courthouse In 1963 the more radical Alianza Federal de Mercedes seized a Texas courthouse

Native Americans Fight For Equality Native Americans suffered the highest unemployment rates, alcoholism, infant mortality rates and suicides Native Americans suffered the highest unemployment rates, alcoholism, infant mortality rates and suicides In 1954 Native Americans had to deal with the government’s Termination Policy In 1954 Native Americans had to deal with the government’s Termination Policy In 1961 reps from 61 tribes drafted the Declaration of Indian Purpose In 1961 reps from 61 tribes drafted the Declaration of Indian Purpose In 1968 LBJ established the National Council on Indian Opportunity In 1968 LBJ established the National Council on Indian Opportunity

Voices of Protests In 1968 the AIM (American Indian Movement) was formed to demand lands, burial grounds, fishing/ timber rights, and a respect of their culture (George Mitchell and Dennis Banks) In 1968 the AIM (American Indian Movement) was formed to demand lands, burial grounds, fishing/ timber rights, and a respect of their culture (George Mitchell and Dennis Banks) In 1972, AIM leader Russell Meads organized “The Trail of Broken Treaties” march on DC ( Occupied the BIA building) In 1972, AIM leader Russell Meads organized “The Trail of Broken Treaties” march on DC ( Occupied the BIA building) In 1973, the AIM led 200 Sioux to occupy Wounded Knee, SD where a massacre of Sioux had occurred in 1890 In 1973, the AIM led 200 Sioux to occupy Wounded Knee, SD where a massacre of Sioux had occurred in 1890 After negotiations a shootout with the FBI left 2 dead, and many wounded After negotiations a shootout with the FBI left 2 dead, and many wounded

“Red Power” Russell Means Dennis Banks Russell Means Dennis Banks

Native American Victories In 1975 Congress passed the Indian-Self- Determination and Education Act which gave tribes control to govern their own affairs including education In 1975 Congress passed the Indian-Self- Determination and Education Act which gave tribes control to govern their own affairs including education In 1970 the Taos of NM regained sacred Blue Lake Land In 1970 the Taos of NM regained sacred Blue Lake Land In 1971 the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act gave 40million acres and $962 million In 1971 the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act gave 40million acres and $962 million Political Representation improved by working through the system (Ex. Senator Ben Nighthorse Campbell) Political Representation improved by working through the system (Ex. Senator Ben Nighthorse Campbell)

The Asian American Movement In 1968 the Asian American Political Alliance (AAPA) was founded at Berkley which unified Chinese, Japanese, Korean and Filipino activists In 1968 the Asian American Political Alliance (AAPA) was founded at Berkley which unified Chinese, Japanese, Korean and Filipino activists Protested the Vietnam War and racism directed at Asians Protested the Vietnam War and racism directed at Asians 1969 “Shut it Down” strikes at Berkley 1969 “Shut it Down” strikes at Berkley “Yellow Power” Conference to learn of Asian American history and destiny “Yellow Power” Conference to learn of Asian American history and destiny 1968 San Francisco’s Chinatown Grievances (Housing and Medicine) 1968 San Francisco’s Chinatown Grievances (Housing and Medicine) Japanese American Citizens League brought forth the issue of internment Japanese American Citizens League brought forth the issue of internment

The Gay Liberation Movement In the 1950’s the Mattachine Society and the Daughters of Bilitis were campaigning to reduce discrimination towards G/L In the 1950’s the Mattachine Society and the Daughters of Bilitis were campaigning to reduce discrimination towards G/L 1960’s The Society for Individual Rights was founded in Greenwich Village/SF 1960’s The Society for Individual Rights was founded in Greenwich Village/SF June,1969 the Stonewall Inn Riot in NYC pitted aggressive police against bar patrons “Gay Power” appeared June,1969 the Stonewall Inn Riot in NYC pitted aggressive police against bar patrons “Gay Power” appeared After Stonewall the Gay Liberation Front (GLF) was formed (Gay Pride Marches) After Stonewall the Gay Liberation Front (GLF) was formed (Gay Pride Marches) In 1975 the Gov. ended its ban on employment of G/L In 1975 the Gov. ended its ban on employment of G/L

Ch 23 Sec 2 Women Fight for Equality What factors led to the women’s movement of the 1960’s? What factors led to the women’s movement of the 1960’s? What were some early gains and some losses within the women’s movement? What were some early gains and some losses within the women’s movement? What was the legacy of the women’s movement in employment, education, and politics? What was the legacy of the women’s movement in employment, education, and politics?

Women Fight for Equality In 1920 the 19 th Amendment was passed giving women the right to vote (Women’s Suffrage) In 1920 the 19 th Amendment was passed giving women the right to vote (Women’s Suffrage) In the 1960’s Feminism was the belief that women should have economic, political, and social equality with men In the 1960’s Feminism was the belief that women should have economic, political, and social equality with men In 1963 Betty Friedan’s Feminine Mystique identified the “problem that has no name” Women were not happy in the 1950’s (Men’s work v Women’s work) In 1963 Betty Friedan’s Feminine Mystique identified the “problem that has no name” Women were not happy in the 1950’s (Men’s work v Women’s work) In the 1960’s women were forced into clerical work, retail, social work, nursing, and teaching In the 1960’s women were forced into clerical work, retail, social work, nursing, and teaching

Women’s Activism of the 1960’s Women were members of SNCC and SDS, and active in the civil rights movement Women were members of SNCC and SDS, and active in the civil rights movement In women including Friedan founded the National Organization for Women (NOW) In women including Friedan founded the National Organization for Women (NOW) NOW fought against gender bias in hiring and in the workplace and pushed for child-care facilities NOW fought against gender bias in hiring and in the workplace and pushed for child-care facilities In 1968 the New York Radical Women protested the Miss America Pageant in AC In 1968 the New York Radical Women protested the Miss America Pageant in AC “Women’s Garbage” into “Freedom’s Trashcan” “Women’s Garbage” into “Freedom’s Trashcan”

In 1969, a journalist and political activist Gloria Steinem joined the feminist movement In 1969, a journalist and political activist Gloria Steinem joined the feminist movement She founded the National Women’s Party Caucus She founded the National Women’s Party Caucus In 1972 she founded and wrote for Ms. (Women’s Magazine) In 1972 she founded and wrote for Ms. (Women’s Magazine)

Roe V Wade Feminist groups supported a woman’s right to chose to have an abortion Feminist groups supported a woman’s right to chose to have an abortion In 1973 the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the feminists In 1973 the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the feminists Extremely Controversial Extremely Controversial Pro-Choice v Pro-Life Pro-Choice v Pro-Life

The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) Congress passed the ERA in 1972, it was first introduced in 1923 (Men and Women same rights and protections) Congress passed the ERA in 1972, it was first introduced in 1923 (Men and Women same rights and protections) 38 states needed to ratify it to make it part of the Constitution ( 35 received) 38 states needed to ratify it to make it part of the Constitution ( 35 received) A Stop-ERA campaign was launched by conservative religious groups, and anti- feminists led by Phyllis Schlafly A Stop-ERA campaign was launched by conservative religious groups, and anti- feminists led by Phyllis Schlafly Radical Feminist “hate men, marriage, and children” Radical Feminist “hate men, marriage, and children” Fears of women being drafted, no husband responsibility, and possible same-sex marriages Fears of women being drafted, no husband responsibility, and possible same-sex marriages

The New Right Emerges In order to combat pro- choice and the ERA conservatives formed the “pro-family” movement which became the New Right (Social Conservatism when dealing with social, cultural, and moral problems) In order to combat pro- choice and the ERA conservatives formed the “pro-family” movement which became the New Right (Social Conservatism when dealing with social, cultural, and moral problems) They debated family centered issues and played key role in Pres. Reagan’s election in 1980 They debated family centered issues and played key role in Pres. Reagan’s election in 1980

Ch 23 Sec 3 The Counterculture What was the counterculture of the 1960’s? What was the counterculture of the 1960’s? What was its impact on art, fashion, music and attitudes? What was its impact on art, fashion, music and attitudes? What was the conservative response or “backlash” to the counterculture? What was the conservative response or “backlash” to the counterculture?

The Counterculture of the 1960’s Counterculture was a movement made up of mostly white, middle-class college young people who were disillusioned with the war and injustices of society Counterculture was a movement made up of mostly white, middle-class college young people who were disillusioned with the war and injustices of society They turned their backs on traditional American and founded a society based on peace and love They turned their backs on traditional American and founded a society based on peace and love Hippies Hippies

Materialism, Technology, and war were hollow Materialism, Technology, and war were hollow Harvard Psychology and counterculture philosopher Dr. Timothy Leary urged the youth to “Tune in, Turn On, Drop Out!” Harvard Psychology and counterculture philosopher Dr. Timothy Leary urged the youth to “Tune in, Turn On, Drop Out!” Many left home, work, and school to create an ideal community of peace love and harmony Many left home, work, and school to create an ideal community of peace love and harmony

Hippie Culture The Age of Aquarius The Age of Aquarius Rock ’n’ Roll Music Rock ’n’ Roll Music Sexual Revolution (Free Love) Sexual Revolution (Free Love) Marijuana and LSD ( Illegal Drugs) Marijuana and LSD ( Illegal Drugs) Eastern Religions (Zen Buddhism) Eastern Religions (Zen Buddhism) Ragged Jeans, Tie-dye shirts, military garments, love beads and muslin shirts Ragged Jeans, Tie-dye shirts, military garments, love beads and muslin shirts Long hair and beards Long hair and beards Many joined communes Many joined communes Haight-Asbury District of SF Haight-Asbury District of SF

Art of the 1960’s Pop-Art by Andy Warhol Pop-Art by Andy Warhol

Music of the 1960’s Music of the 1960’s The music was a form of protest that grew out of African-American rhythm and blues of the 1950’s (Folk and Rock) The music was a form of protest that grew out of African-American rhythm and blues of the 1950’s (Folk and Rock) The Beatles, The Doors, Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, Jefferson Airplane, the Grateful Dead, the Who, Bob Dylan, Joan Baez and the Rolling Stones The Beatles, The Doors, Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, Jefferson Airplane, the Grateful Dead, the Who, Bob Dylan, Joan Baez and the Rolling Stones In 1969 the appex of the counterculture was the music festival Woodstock In 1969 the appex of the counterculture was the music festival Woodstock The 1970 Concert at Altamont Speedway was a disaster and ended the era of peace and love The 1970 Concert at Altamont Speedway was a disaster and ended the era of peace and love

The Conservative Response Nixon, Agnew and J Edgar Hoover expressed anger and concern over the counterculture and the threat to traditional values Nixon, Agnew and J Edgar Hoover expressed anger and concern over the counterculture and the threat to traditional values Many saw the values as decadent, un-American, immature and irresponsible Many saw the values as decadent, un-American, immature and irresponsible Conservatives presented their own solutions to crime and lawlessness Conservatives presented their own solutions to crime and lawlessness