“What pleases the prince has the force of law.” Justinian Code

New Monarchies after 1450 100 Years’ War weakened monarchs Monarchy was the one institution that could unite nations European governments began to reconstruct themselves Beginnings of the modern state

Wealthy middle class merchants and bankers purchased government offices and titles to form a new administrative class Kings partially excluded nobles from power Kings built new bureaucracies and armies

France Charles VII… A) Expelled the English from France by 1453 B) Levied new taxes C) approved the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges D) created a standing army

Louis XI… A) continued military centralization at the expense of the nobility B) supported economic growth and diversification C) expanded the French state

Charles VII Louis XI

England

And here I prophesy: this brawl today, Grown to this faction in the Temple garden, Shall send, between the Red Rose and the White, A thousand souls to death and deadly night."   — Warwick, Henry VI, Part One

Battle of Bosworth Field (1485) War of the Roses

Henry VII… A) did not rely on Parliament to raise revenue B) established a royal council C) effectively used the Court of the Star Chamber to deal with political enemies D) used Justices of the Peace to maintain order at the local level

Marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castille

Spain Faced the challenge of disunity Even marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella failed to unite the country Hermandades kept local order Royal Council would bolster the power of the crown

“Catholic Kings of Spain” could establish a national church Reconquista was completed in 1492 Inquisition was established to ensure religious conformity Jews would be purged Spain only achieved unification in 1580

Holy Roman Empire NOT a new monarchy! Real power held by the nobles  decentralized state Charles V elected 1519 Grandson of Isabella and Ferdinand, was already King of Spain Also controlled the Netherlands, parts of Italy, New World and Pacific colonies

Holy Roman Empire in 1580

Northern Humanism

Northern Humanists Called for a return of the apostolic church Focused on writings of the early church Pushed for new translations that were error free Stressed Greek and Hebrew, to be able to read the originals themselves

Moveable Type Printing Press Invented 1453, Johannes Gutenberg

Humanism in Germany Many large cities and universities Close proximity to Italy encouraged travelers between them Pro-German in outlook Famous humanists: Peter Luder, Rudolf Agricola, Conrad Celtis, Mutian

French Humanism King Francis I patronized humanists Royal library ( Bibliothèque Nationale) founded Trilingual (Hebrew, Greek, Latin) college founded to study sacred languages

French Humanism Guillaume Budé top classical scholar of France Jacques Lefèvre d’Etaples especially interested in religious reform

Humanism in the Netherlands Lay people live together and practice lay piety – Bretheren of the Common Life Set up humanist schools

Desiderius Erasmus

Erasmus “ Prince of Humanists” Called for religious reform through a return to the apostolic church and reading of the church classics Translated many church classics Works include Praise of Folly and Julius Excluded

Humanism in England John Colet was critical of church abuses Sir Thomas More’s Utopia