1. The New Monarchs

2. Objectives:
You will be able to identify how the New Monarchs embodied the ideas of Roman leaders
In what ways did Ferdinand and Isabella united Spain?

3. The New Monarchs were not the first kings, of course.
But these new monarchs—who lived around the same time—offered their countries a guarantee of law and order

4. The New Monarch made use of Roman law
They incorporated the will and welfare of the people
They enlisted the support of the merchants and middle class
They went a long ways in establishing European Nation-States

5. The New Monarchs came into power after a previous period of instability and warfare

6. The Inventions of Gunpowder , the pike and longbow made it possible for Kings to be less dependent on Knights on horseback

7. Now, Kings could hire mercenaries to supplement their armies
Now, Kings could hire mercenaries to supplement their armies. They did not have to give concessions to the powerful nobles.

8. After the Hundred Years War, England was troubled by the War of the Roses 1455-1487
The War was over different families wanting to take the throne
One was the House of Lancaster, and the other York. Both had legitimate claims to the throne

9. The Red Rose was for Lancaster, and the White was for York

10. Henry VII finally gained power
Henry VII finally gained power. He married Elizabeth of York, and the houses were united

11. Henry passed laws prohibiting nobles from having their own armies
He created the Star Chamber to settle disputes—but he was the ultimate authority

12. Over time, the Star Chamber became a symbol of absolute authority

13. Henry VII always felt uneasy about his claim to the throne
His son, Henry VIII, knew that it was necessary that he, too, have a son to prevent civil war

14. This is why his son, Henry VIII, would end up with six wives, in his effort to gain a son—something we will learn about shortly

15. In France, there was Louis XI “The Spider”
He was called “The Spider” for his manipulative ways
With force, cunning, and diplomacy, he brought order to France

16. He subdued the nobles and made their territories part of France

17. When Cardinal Balue defied Louis, he was sentenced to live in a cage

19. Ferdinand and Isabella

20. Ferdinand of Aragon married Isabella of Castile in 1469
Ferdinand of Aragon married Isabella of Castile in Now there would be a united kingdom of Spain
They toured their regions and promoted the unity of the Catholic Church in Spain

21. They completed the Reconquista, or conquering of the Moors
The Moors, Spanish Muslims, were expelled from Spain

27. They provided financial support for Columbus’ voyage in 1492

30. They also expelled the Jews in 1492

31. Their goal was to create a “Pure Catholic” Spain
A Spain without Jews or Muslims

32. The Spanish Inquisition begins

34. There will be other inquisitions.
The term inquisition will come to mean the Catholic Church’s “clamping” down on a certain religious group, a country, or an individual

35. Spain was the land of the crusade
Crusade against Protestants
Crusade against Jews
Crusade against Muslims
Crusade again South American Indians

36. The National character of Spain and the Catholic church become one

37. All these crusades gave Spain a common cause, but also a reputation as being closed off, forbidding, and backward

38. Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
He lived after the time of the New Monarchs—but he represents a new monarch in the area of Germany and Eastern Europe

39. Ferdinand and Isabella were his maternal grandparents
Charles V’s mother was “Crazy Juana,” who kept her husband’s body with her for years after he died

40. He inherited lands from all his grandparents
Such was his influence, that we will refer to him throughout this course as simply “The Emperor”

41. The Emperor

43. He was a Hapsburg because that was his paternal Grandfather’s name

44. Years of Genetic inbreeding produced a misshapen jaw that would be known as the Hapsburg Jaw

45. Charles V faced many threats in his lifetime
The Hungary was invaded by the Turks, and faced defeat at the battle of Mohacs in 1526

46. Charles also faced the emerging Protestant Reformation

47. He tried in vain for 35 years to preserve the unity of his Hapsburg lands

48. He retired to a monastery and died, after dividing his Kingdom between his son and brother