The Axial Skelton Activity 1

Bones of the axial skeleton Skull Vertebrae Cervical Sternum Ribs Thoracic Costal cartilages Lumbar vertebrae Lumbar Sacrum Coccyx Anterior view Posterior view

Anatomy of the anterior and posterior aspects of the skull Frontal bone Parietal bone Glabella Frontonasal suture Frontal squama of frontal bone Supraorbital foramen (notch) Nasal bone Supraorbital margin Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Superior orbital fissure Temporal bone Optic canal Ethmoid bone Inferior orbital fissure Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone Middle nasal concha Perpendicular plate Infraorbital foramen Ethmoid bone Maxilla Inferior nasal concha Vomer bone Mandible Mental foramen (a) Mandibular symphysis

Anatomy of the anterior and posterior aspects of the skull Sagittal suture Parietal bone Sutural bone Lambdoid suture Occipital bone Superior nuchal line External occipital protuberance Mastoid process Inferior nuchal line Occipitomastoid suture External occipital crest Occipital condyle (b)

Anatomy of the lateral aspects of the skull Coronal suture Frontal bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Parietal bone Ethmoid bone Temporal bone Lacrimal bone Lambdoid suture Lacrimal fossa Squamous suture Nasal bone Occipital bone Zygomatic process Zygomatic bone Occipitomastoid suture Maxilla External acoustic meatus Mastoid process Alveolar margins Styloid process Mandibular condyle Mandible Mandibular notch Mental foramen Mandibular ramus (a) Mandibular angle Coronoid process

Anatomy of the lateral aspects of the skull Parietal bone Coronal suture Squamous suture Frontal bone Temporal bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Frontal sinus Crista galli Lambdoid suture Nasal bone Occipital bone Sphenoid sinus Ethmoid bone (perpendicular plate) Occipitomastoid suture Vomer bone External occipital protuberance Incisive fossa Maxilla Alveolar margins Internal acoustic meatus Pterygoid process of sphenoid bone Sella turcica of sphenoid bone Mandible Mandibular foramen Palatine bone (b) Palatine process of maxilla

Anatomy of the inferior portion of the skull Maxilla (palatine process) Incisive fossa Medial palatine suture Hard palate Infraorbital foramen Palatine bone (horizontal plate) Maxilla Zygomatic bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Temporal bone (zygomatic process) Foramen ovale Vomer Foramen lacerum Mandibular fossa Carotid canal External acoustic meatus Styloid process Stylomastoid foramen Mastoid process Jugular foramen Temporal bone (petrous part) Occipital condyle Pharyngeal tubercle of basioccipital Inferior nuchal line Parietal bone Superior nuchal line External occipital crest External occipital protuberance Foramen magnum (a)

Figure 7.4b-c: Anatomy of the inferior portion of the skull, p. 208. Olfactory foramina Frontal bone Anterior cranial fossa Cribriform plate Ethmoid bone Crista galli Lesser wing Sphenoid Optic canal Greater wing Anterior clinoid process Foramen rotundum Tuberculum sellae Hypophyseal fossa Foramen ovale Sella turcica Dorsum sellae Posterior clinoid process Foramen spinosum Middle cranial fossa Foramen lacerum Temporal bone (petrous part) Jugular foramen Hypoglossal canal Internal acoustic meatus Posterior cranial fossa Anterior cranial fossa Parietal bone Occipital bone Middle cranial fossa (b) Foramen magnum Posterior cranial fossa (c)

Squamous region External acoustic meatus Zygomatic process Mandibular The temporal bone Squamous region External acoustic meatus Zygomatic process Mastoid region Mandibular fossa Mastoid process Styloid process Tympanic region

Posterior clinoid process Body of sphenoid Chiasmatic groove Optic The sphenoid bone Posterior clinoid process Body of sphenoid Lesser wing Chiasmatic groove Optic canal Greater wing Lesser wing Superior orbital fissure Greater wing Foramen rotundum Anterior clinoid Greater wing process Foramen rotundum Hypophyseal fossa of sella turcica Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum (b) Posterior view Pterygoid processes Dorsum sellae Posterior clinoid process Body of sphenoid Sphenoid sinuses (a) Superior view Lesser wing Hypophyseal fossa Greater wing Foramen ovale (c)

Chiasmatic groove Optic canal Lesser wing Greater wing The sphenoid bone Chiasmatic groove Optic canal Lesser wing Greater wing Anterior clinoid process Greater wing Foramen rotundum Hypophyseal fossa of sella turcica Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Dorsum sellae Posterior clinoid process Body of sphenoid (a) Superior view

Posterior clinoid process Body of sphenoid Lesser wing Greater wing The sphenoid bone Posterior clinoid process Body of sphenoid Lesser wing Greater wing Superior orbital fissure Foramen rotundum Pterygoid processes (b) Posterior view

Sphenoid sinuses Lesser wing Hypophyseal fossa Greater wing The sphenoid bone Sphenoid sinuses Lesser wing Hypophyseal fossa Greater wing Foramen ovale (c)

Crista galli Cribriform plate Olfactory foramina Orbital plate The ethmoid bone Crista galli Cribriform plate Olfactory foramina Orbital plate Left lateral mass Ethmoid sinuses Middle nasal concha Perpendicular plate

Detailed anatomy of (a) the mandible and (b) the maxilla Articulates with frontal bone Frontal process Orbital surface Zygomatic process Infraorbital foramen Maxillary bone Anterior nasal spine Mandibular fossa of temporal bone Alveolar margin Temporomandibular joint Coronoid process Mandibular notch Mandibular condyle (b) Maxilla Mandibular foramen Ramus of mandible Alveolar margin Mental foramen Mandibular angle Body of mandible (a) Mandible

Detailed anatomy of (a) the mandible and (b) the maxilla Mandibular fossa of temporal bone Temporomandibular joint Coronoid process Mandibular notch Mandibular condyle Mandibular foramen Ramus of mandible Alveolar margin Mental foramen Mandibular angle Body of mandible (a) Mandible

Articulates with frontal bone Frontal process Orbital surface Figure 7.8b: Detailed anatomy of (a) the mandible and (b) the maxilla, p. 212. Articulates with frontal bone Frontal process Orbital surface Zygomatic process Infraorbital foramen Maxillary bone Anterior nasal spine Alveolar margin (b) Maxilla

Special anatomical characteristics of the orbits Superior orbital fissure Roof of orbit Supraorbital foramen Optic canal Lesser wing of sphenoid bone Orbital plate of frontal bone Medial wall Sphenoid body Orbital plate of ethmoid bone Lateral wall of orbit Frontal process of maxilla Zygomatic process of frontal bone Greater wing of sphenoid bone Lacrimal bone Orbital surface of zygomatic bone Nasal bone Floor of orbit Inferior orbital fissure Infraorbital groove Orbital process of palatine bone Zygomatic bone Orbital surface of maxillary bone Infraorbital foramen Zygomatic bone (b)

Special anatomical characteristics of the nasal cavity Frontal sinus Superior, middle, and inferior meatus Superior nasal concha Ethmoid bone Middle nasal concha Inferior nasal concha Nasal bone Anterior nasal spine Maxillary bone (palatine process) Sphenoid sinus Sphenoid bone Pterygoid process Palatine bone (perpendicular plate) Palatine bone (horizontal plate) (a)

Special anatomical characteristics of the nasal cavity Crista galli Ethmoid bone Cribriform plate Frontal sinus Sella turcica Nasal bone Sphenoid sinus Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone Septal cartilage Vomer Palatine bone Alveolar margin of maxilla Palatine process of maxilla (b)

Frontal sinus Sphenoid sinus Frontal sinus Ethmoid sinus Ethmoid sinus Paranasal sinuses Frontal sinus Sphenoid sinus Frontal sinus Ethmoid sinus Ethmoid sinus Sphenoid sinus Maxillary sinus Maxillary sinus (a) (b)

Hyoid bone

The vertebral column C1 2 3 Cervical curvature (concave) 7 vertebrae, C1– C7 4 5 6 7 T1 Spinous process 2 3 Transverse process 4 5 Thoracic curvature (convex) 12 vertebrae, T1– T12 6 7 8 9 Intervertebral discs 10 Intervertebral foramen 11 12 L 1 2 Lumbar curvature (concave) 5 vertebrae, L1– L5 3 4 5 Sacrum (convex) 5 fused vertebrae Coccyx 4 fused vertebrae Anterior view Right lateral view

Ligaments and fibrocartilage discs uniting the vertebrae Intervertebral disc Supraspinous ligament Transverse process Anterior longitudinal ligament Sectioned spinous process Intervertebral foramen Ligamentum flavum Posterior longitudinal ligament Interspinous ligament Anulus fibrosus Nucleus pulposus Inferior articular process Sectioned body of vertebra (a) Vertebral spinous process (posterior aspect of vertebra) Spinal cord Spinal nerve root Herniated portion of disc Anulus fibrosus of disc Nucleus pulposus of disc (b)

Structure of a typical vertebra Posterior Spinous process Vertebral arch Lamina Transverse process Superior articular process Pedicle Vertebral foramen Body (centrum) Anterior

The first and second cervical vertebrae Anterior Anterior tubercle C2 Anterior arch Superior articular facet Lateral masses Transverse foramen Posterior arch Posterior tubercle (a) Superior view of atlas (C1) Anterior Anterior Facet for dens Anterior tubercle Body Dens Anterior arch Superior articular facet Transverse process Lateral masses Transverse foramen Transverse process Inferior articular process Inferior articular facet Pedicle Transverse foramen Lamina Spinous process Posterior arch Posterior tubercle (b) Inferior view of atlas (C1) (c) Superior view of axis (C2)

Posterolateral views of articulated vertebrae Dens of axis Transverse ligament of atlas C1 (atlas) C2 (axis) C3 Inferior articular process Bifid spinous process Transverse processes C7 (vertebra prominens) (a) Cervical vertebrae

Posterolateral views of articulated vertebrae Transverse process Superior articular process Transverse costal facet (for tubercle of rib) Lamina Pedicle Intervertebral disc Body Inferior costal facet (for head of rib) Spinous process Inferior articular process (b) Thoracic vertebrae

Posterolateral views of articulated vertebrae Superior articular process Pedicle Transverse process Body Intervertebral disc Inferior articular process Spinous process (c) Lumbar vertebrae

Facet of superior articular process Sacral canal Body Ala Auricular The sacrum and coccyx Facet of superior articular process Sacral canal Body Ala Auricular surface Body of first sacral vertebra Sacral promontory Transverse ridges (site of vertebral fusion) Median sacral crest Lateral sacral crest Anterior sacral foramina Posterior sacral foramina Apex Sacral hiatus Coccyx Coccyx (a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view

Jugular notch Clavicular notch Manubrium Sternal angle Body Sternum The thoracic cage Jugular notch Clavicular notch Manubrium Sternal angle Body Sternum Xiphisternal joint True ribs (1–7) Xiphoid process False ribs (8–12) L1 Vertebra Intercostal spaces Floating ribs (11, 12) Costal cartilage Costal margin (a)

Left common carotid artery The thoracic cage Left common carotid artery T1 Jugular notch Left brachiocephalic vein T4 Sternal angle Heart Xiphisternal joint T9 Diaphragm Aorta T12 (b)

Facets for articulation with vertebrae Articular facet on tubercle Ribs Transverse costal facet (for tubercle of rib) Superior costal facet (for head of rib) Body of vertebra Tubercle of rib Spinous process Head of rib Shaft Intervertebral disc Neck of rib Tubercle of rib Shaft Sternum Angle of rib Ligaments Cross- section of rib Neck of rib Head of rib Body of thoracic vertebra Costal groove Superior costal facet Costal cartilage (a) (b) Facets for articulation with vertebrae Articular facet on tubercle Head Neck Shaft Costal angle Junction with costal cartilage Costal groove (c)

The Appendicular Skeleton Activity 1

The appendicular skeleton Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Carpals Phalanges Metacarpals Femur Patella Fibula Tibia Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges

Bones of the pectoral girdle Posterior Sternal (medial) end Acromio- clavicular joint Clavicle Anterior Acromial (lateral) end (b) Right clavicle, superior view Sternal end Acromial end Anterior Conoid tubercle Posterior (c) Right clavicle, inferior view Scapula (a) Articulated pectoral girdle

Bones of the pectoral girdle Acromion Suprascapular notch Superior border Acromion Coracoid process Coracoid process Superior angle Suprascapular notch Glenoid cavity Superior angle Supraspinous fossa Lateral angle Spine Subscapular fossa Infraspinous fossa Lateral border Medial border Medial border Lateral border Inferior angle (e) Right scapula, posterior aspect (d) Right scapula, anterior aspect

Bones of the pectoral girdle Acromion Coracoid process Glenoid cavity Infraglenoid tubercle Infraspinous fossa Supraspinous fossa Subscapular fossa Infraspinous fossa Subscapular fossa Posterior Anterior Inferior angle (f) Right scapula, lateral aspect

Acromion Coracoid process Superior border Coracoid process Superior Photographs of selected bones of the pectoral girdle and right upper limb Acromion Coracoid process Superior border Coracoid process Superior border Supraspinous fossa Acromion Superior angle Glenoid cavity Spine of scapula Infraspinous fossa Medial border Body Lateral border Subscapular fossa Lateral border Inferior angle Anterior view Posterior view Scapula

The humerus of the right arm Greater tubercle Head of humerus Lesser tubercle Inter- tubercular sulacus Anatomical neck Surgical neck Radial groove Deltoid tuberosity Deltoid tuberosity Medial supracondylar ridge Lateral supracondylar ridge Coronoid fossa Olecranon fossa Radial fossa Medial epicondyle Lateral epicondyle Capitulum Trochlea (a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view

Radius and ulna of the right forearm Radial notch Olecranon process Head Trochlear notch Head of radius Neck Coronoid process Neck of radius Radial tuberosity Proximal radioulnar joint Interosseous membrane Colle’s fracture Ulna Radius (c) Radius Ulnar notch Head of ulna Styloid process of ulna Styloid process of radius Distal radioulnar joint Styloid process of radius (a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view

Radius (left) and ulna (right), Photographs of selected bones of the pectoral girdle and right upper limb (continued) Posterior Greater tubercle Lesser tubercle Coronoid process Olecranon process Sternal (medial) end Head Trochlear notch Head of radius Anatomical neck Radial notch Intertubercular sulcus Neck of radius Surgical neck Radial tuberosity Acromial (lateral) end Ulna Anterior Deltoid tuberosity Radius Right clavicle, superior view Shaft Anterior Acromial end Sternal end Location of interosseous membrane Conoid tubercle Impression for costoclavicular ligament Coronoid fossa Lateral epicondyle Distal radioulnar joint Posterior Right clavicle, inferior view Medial epicondyle Styloid process of radius Ulnar head Capitulum Trochlea Humerus, anterior view Radius (left) and ulna (right), anterior view

Distal Middle Phalanges (fingers) Proximal 3 2 4 5 1 Metacarpals Bones of the hand Distal Middle Phalanges (fingers) Proximal 3 2 4 5 1 Metacarpals (palm) Hamate Trapezoid Pisiform Trapezium Carpals (wrist) Triquetral Scaphoid Lunate Capitate Ulna Radius (a) (b)

Bones of the bony pelvis Base of sacrum Iliac crest Sacroiliac joint Iliac fossa llium Sacral promontory Sacrum Pelvic brim Coxal bone (os coxae or hip bone) Ischial spine Coccyx Pubic bone Acetabulum Pubic crest Ischium Pubic symphysis (a) Pubic arch

Bones of the bony pelvis Tubercle of the iliac crest Anterior gluteal line Ilium Ala Posterior gluteal line Iliac crest Posterior superior iIiac spine Anterior superior iliac spine Inferior gluteal line Anterior inferior iliac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine Acetabulum Greater sciatic notch Ischial body Pubic body Ischial spine Lesser sciatic notch Ischial tuberosity Pubis Inferior ramus of pubis Ischium Ischial ramus (b)

Bones of the bony pelvis Iliac fossa Ilium Iliac crest Posterior superior iliac spine Anterior superior iliac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine Anterior inferior iliac spine Arcuate line Body Auricular surface Superior ramus of pubis Ischial spine Pubic tubercle Obturator foramen Pubic crest Ischium Ischial ramus Inferior ramus of pubis Articular surface of pubis (at pubic symphysis) (c)

Photographs of selected bones of the pelvic girdle and lower limb Anterior gluteal line Auricular surface Iliac crest Posterior gluteal line Anterior superior iliac spine Posterior superior iliac spine Iliac fossa Anterior inferior iliac spine Posterior superior iliac spine Arcuate line Posterior inferior iliac spine Inferior gluteal line Posterior inferior iliac spine Acetabulum Greater sciatic notch Pubic body Greater sciatic notch Ischial spine Superior ramus of pubis Ischial spine Lesser sciatic notch Lesser sciatic notch Pubic tubercle Inferior ramus of pubis Ischial tuberosity Ischial tuberosity Ischial ramus Obturator foramen Pubic symphysis (symphyseal surface) Ischial ramus (a) Lateral view Right hip bone (b) Medial view

Bones of the right thigh and knee Intertrochanteric crest Greater trochanter Neck Fovea capitis Head Lesser trochanter Intertrochanteric line Apex Gluteal tuberosity Anterior Facet for lateral condyle of femur Facet for medial condyle of femur Linea aspera Surface for patellar ligament Posterior Lateral condyle Medial and lateral supra- condylar lines (a) Patella Intercondylar fossa Medial condyle Lateral epicondyle Adductor tubercle Medial epicondyle Patellar surface Lateral epicondyle Anterior view Posterior view (b) Femur

The tibia and fibula of the right leg Intercondylar eminence Articular surface of medial condyle Lateral condyle Medial condyle Articular surface of lateral condyle Head Tibial tuberosity Parts of fractured fibula Head of fibula Proximal tibiofibular joint Interosseous membrane Anterior border Fibula Fibula Tibia Distal tibiofibular joint Medial malleolus Lateral malleolus Lateral malleolus Articular surface Anterior view Posterior view

Right femur, anterior surface Right tibia and fibula, anterior view Photographs of selected bones of the pelvic girdle and lower limb (continued) Lateral condyle of tibia Neck Head Intercondylar eminence Greater trochanter Medial condyle of tibia Head of fibula Intertrochanteric line Tibial tuberosity Lesser trochanter Anterior border Fibula Tibia Patellar surface Adductor tubercle Distal tibiofibular joint Lateral epicondyle Medial malleolus Medial epicondyle Lateral condyle Lateral malleolus of fibula Medial condyle Inferior articular surface Right femur, anterior surface Right tibia and fibula, anterior view Lateral condyle Fibula articulates here Proximal right tibia, posterior view

Distal Phalanges Middle Proximal Metatarsals Medial cuneiform Bones of the right foot Distal Phalanges Middle Proximal Metatarsals Medial cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform Lateral cuneiform Navicular Cuboid Tarsals Talus Trochlea of the talus Calcaneus (a) Superior view

Talus Facet for medial malleolus Navicular Intermediate cuneiform Bones of the right foot Talus Facet for medial malleolus Navicular Intermediate cuneiform Susten- taculum tali First metatarsal Calcaneus Medial cuneiform Calcaneal tuberosity (b) Medial view

Intermediate cuneiform Bones of the right foot Facet for lateral malleolus Navicular Intermediate cuneiform Lateral cuneiform Talus Cuboid Fifth metatarsal Calcaneus (c) Lateral view

Arches in the foot

Fetal skeleton Characteristic Fontanels Anterior fontanel Sphenoidal fontanel Mastoid Fontanel Posterior fontanel

Temporal bone (squamous portion) The fetal skull Frontal bone Frontal suture Sphenoidal fontanel Parietal bone Frontal bone Anterior fontanel Ossification center Posterior fontanel Ossification center Parietal bone Mastoid fontanel Posterior fontanel Occipital bone Occipital bone Temporal bone (squamous portion) (a) Superior view (b) Lateral view