1. An Overview of the Skeleton
Figure 6-8(a)

2. An Overview of the Skeleton
Consists of bones, cartilage, joints, and ligaments
Composed of 206 named bones grouped into two divisions
Axial skeleton (80 bones)
Appendicular skeleton (126 bones)
Referenced 6-9.1

3. Bone Markings: Surface Features of Bones
Projections that provide attachment for muscles and ligaments
Projections that help form joints
Depressions and openings for passage of nerves and blood vessels
Table 6-1 (1 of 2)

4. Bone Markings (Selected)
Tuberosity
Tubercle
Condyle
Trochlea
Facet
Fossa
Foramen
Sinus

5. Bone Markings And Landmarks

6. Bone Markings And Landmarks

7. Axial Skeleton: Skull, Vertebral Column, Bony Thorax

8. Anterior Aspect of Skull
Frontal bone
Supraorbital foramen
(notch)
Nasal bone
Supraorbital margin
Sphenoid bone
(greater wing)
Superior orbital
fissure
Optic canal
Ethmoid bone
Inferior orbital
fissure
Lacrimal bone
Zygomatic bone
Maxilla
Mandible
Mental
foramen

9. Paranasal Sinuses Frontal sinus Sphenoid sinus Frontal sinus Ethmoid
Ethmoid sinus
Maxillary
sinus
Maxillary sinus
(a)
(b)

10. Lateral Aspect Of The Skull.
Sphenoid bone
(greater wing)
Parietal bone
Ethmoid bone
Temporal bone
Lacrimal bone
Lacrimal fossa
Nasal bone
Occipital bone
Zygomatic process
Zygomatic bone
External acoustic meatus
Mastoid process
Styloid process

11. Temporal Bone External acoustic meatus Zygomatic process Mastoid
region
External
acoustic
meatus
Mastoid process
Styloid process
Mandibular
fossa
Zygomatic
process

12. Lateral Aspect Of The Skull
Mandibular condyle
Mandible
Mandibular notch
Mental foramen
Mandibular ramus
Mandibular angle
Coronoid process

13. Mandible Mandibular fossa of temporal bone Coronoid process
Mandibular notch
Mandibular condyle
(condylar process)
Mandibular foramen
Ramus of mandible
Alveolar
margin
Mental
foramen
Body of mandible
(a)
Mandible

14. Inferior Aspect Of The Skull
Sphenoid bone
(greater wing)
Vomer
Mandibular fossa
Carotid canal
External acoustic meatus
Styloid process
Mastoid process
Jugular foramen
Temporal bone
(petrous portion)
Occipital condyle
Occipital bone
Foramen magnum
(a)

15. Inferior Aspect Of The Skull
Hard palate
Zygomatic
arch
Mandibular
fossa
Carotid canal
Styloid process
Mastoid
process
Jugular foramen
Occipital condyle
Foramen magnum
(b)

16. Superior Aspect Of The Skull
Olfactory foramina
Sphenoid
Temporal bone
(petrous part)
Internal
acoustic meatus
Lesser wing
Greater wing
Cribriform plate
Ethmoid
bone
Crista galli
Optic canal
Jugular foramen
Foramen lacerum
Sella turcica
(d)
Pterygoid
process

17. Lateral Aspect Of The Skull
Frontal sinus
Crista galli
Ethmoid bone
(perpendicular plate)
Vomer bone
Maxilla
Alveolar margins
Internal acoustic
meatus
Sella turcica
of sphenoid
bone
Pterygoid
process of
sphenoid
bone
Palatine
bone
(b)
Palatine
process of
maxilla

18. Lateral aspect of the skull
Greater wing
of sphenoid
bone
Lesser wing
of sphenoid
bone
Frontal sinus
Crista galli
Petrous part
of temporal
bone
Ethmoid bone
(perpendicular
plate)
Palatine bone
Internal
acoustic
meatus
Sella turcica
and sphenoid
sinus
(c)

19. Bones Of The Nasal Cavity
Ethmoid
bone
Frontal sinus
Sella turcica
Nasal bone
Sphenoid sinus
Perpendicular plate
of ethmoid bone
Septal cartilage
Vomer
Palatine bone
Alveolar margin
of maxilla
Palatine process
of maxilla
(b)

20. Bones Of The Nasal Cavity
Frontal sinus
Superior, middle, and
inferior meatus
Superior
nasal concha
Ethmoid bone
Middle
nasal concha
Inferior nasal concha
Nasal bone
Anterior nasal spine
Maxillary bone
(palatine process)
Sphenoid sinus
Sphenoid
bone
Pterygoid process
Palatine bone
(perpendicular
plate)
Palatine bone
(horizontal plate)
(a)

21. Ethmoid Middle nasal concha Ethmoid Perpendicular plate bone
Inferior nasal concha
Vomer bone
Ethmoid
bone

22. Sutures of the Skull Sagittal suture Parietal bone Lambdoid suture
Occipital bone
Parietal bone
Sagittal suture
Coronal suture
Lambdoid suture
Squamous suture

23.  The Hyoid Bone
Greater horn
Lesser horn
Body

24. Vertebral Column

25. Structure Of A Typical Vertebra
Posterior
Anterior
Lamina
Superior
articular
process
Facet
Transverse
Pedicle
Spinous
Vertebral
arch
foramen
Body
(centrum)

26. Lateral View Of Part Of The Spinal Column
Intervertebral
disc
Transverse process
Sectioned
spinous process
Intervertebral foramen
Inferior articular process
Sectioned body
of vertebra
(a)

27. First And Second Cervical Vertebrae
Superior articular
facet
Transverse
foramen
Posterior
(a)
Superior view of atlas (C1) C1 C2
Lateral
masses
Facet for dens
Transverse
process
Lateral
masses
foramen
Posterior
Inferior
articular
facet
Dens
(b)
(c)
Inferior view of atlas (C1)
Superior view of axis (C2)
Body
Pedicle
Lamina
Spinous
Superior
articular
facet

28. Cervical Vertebrae
Seven cervical vertebrae (C1 – C7) – smallest and lightest vertebrae
C3 – C7 are typical cervical vertebrae
Body is wider laterally
Spinous processes are short and bifid (except C7)
Vertebral foramen are large and triangular
Transverse processes contain transverse foramina

29. Cervical Vertebrae

30. Thoracic Vertebrae (T1 – T12)
Spinous processes are long and point inferiorly
Have heart-shaped bodies from the superior view
Vertebral foramen are circular
All articulate with ribs
Transverse processes articulate with tubercles of ribs
Superior articular facets point posteriorly

31. Lumbar Vertebrae (L1 – L5)
Bodies are thick and robust
Transverse processes are thin and tapered
Spinous processes are thick, blunt, and point posteriorly
Vertebral foramina are triangular
Superior and inferior articular facets directly medially

32. Lumbar Vertebrae
Figure 7.17c

33. Sacrum And Coccyx Body of first sacral vertebra Anterior sacral
foramina
Apex
Coccyx
(a)
Anterior view
(b)
Posterior view

34. Sacrum and Coccyx

35. Thoracic Cage: Anterior View.
True
ribs
(1–7)
(a)
False
(8–12)
Jugular notch
Clavicular notch
Manubrium
Sternal angle
Body
Xiphoid
process L1
Vertebra
Floating ribs (11, 12)
Sternum
Costal
cartilage

36. Rib Transverse costal facet (for tubercle of rib)
Superior costal facet
(for head of rib)
Head of rib
Intervertebral disc
Tubercle of rib
Neck of rib
Shaft
Sternum
Cross-
section
of rib
(a)
Costal groove
Costal cartilage

37. Rib Articular facet on tubercle of rib Spinous process Shaft
Transverse
costal facet
(for tubercle
of rib)
Ligaments
Neck of rib
Body of
thoracic
vertebra
Head of rib
Superior costal facet
(for head of rib)
(b)

38. Rib (c) Junction with costal cartilage Shaft Head Neck Articular facet
on tubercle
Costal angle
Costal groove
Facets for articulation
with vertebrae
Artery
Articular facet
on tubercle
Neck
Head
Vein
Grooves for
subclavian
vessels:

39. Fontanels

40. Fontanels

41. Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton

42. Lower Limb and Pelvis

43. Clavicle Sternal (medial) end Posterior Anterior Acromial (lateral)
(b)
Right clavicle, superior view
Acromial end
Anterior
Sternal end
Posterior
Conoid
tubercle
(c)
Right clavicle, inferior view

44. Clavicle Posterior Sternal end (medial) Acromial end (lateral)
Anterior
(d)
Anterior
Facet for
acromion
(lateral)
Sternal end
(medial)
Conoid
tubercle
Posterior
(e)

45. Right Scapula, Anterior Aspect
Acromion
Suprascapular notch
Superior border
Coracoid
process
Glenoid
cavity
Subscapular
fossa
Lateral
border
Medial
border
(a)
Right scapula, anterior aspect

46. Right Scapula, Posterior Aspect
Coracoid process
Acromion
Suprascapular notch
Supraspinous
fossa
Spine
Infraspinous
fossa
Glenoid cavity
at lateral angle
Medial
border
Lateral border
(b)
Right scapula, posterior aspect

47. Right Scapula, Lateral Aspect
Coracoid
process
Glenoid
cavity
Acromion
Infraspinous
fossa
Spine
(c)
Right scapula,
lateral aspect
Subscapular
Supraspinous
Posterior
Anterior

48. Humerus Of The Right Arm: Anterior View
Greater tubercle
Lesser tubercle
Lateral epicondyle
Radial fossa
Capitulum
Head of
humerus
Anatomical
neck
Deltoid
tuberosity
Coronoid fossa
Medial
epicondyle
Trochlea
(a)
Anterior view

49. Humerus Of The Right Arm: Posterior View
Head of
humerus
Anatomical
neck
Olecranon
fossa
Medial
epicondyle
Trochlea
Surgical
Deltoid
tuberosity
Greater
tubercle
Lateral
(b)
Posterior view

50. Radius & Ulna Of Right Forearm: Anterior View
Radial notch of the ulna
Trochlear notch
Coronoid process
Ulnar notch
of the radius
Head of ulna
Styloid process
of ulna
Ulna
Head
Radial
tuberosity
Radius
of radius
(a)
Anterior view

51. Radius & Ulna Of Right Forearm: Posterior View
Olecranon
process
Head of
radius
Neck of
radius
Ulna
Radius
Ulnar notch
of the radius
Head of ulna
Styloid process
of ulna
Styloid process
of radius
(b)
Posterior view

52. Elbow Region: Anterior View
Coronoid
fossa
Radius
Radial
tuberosity
Head of radius
Capitulum
Trochlea
(a)
Anterior view
Humerus
Medial
epicondyle
process of
ulna
Ulna
Radial notch

53. Proximal Part Of Ulna: Lateral View
Olecranon
process
Trochlear
notch
Coronoid
(b)
Radial

54. Elbow In Extension: Posterior View
Olecranon
fossa
Ulna
process
Medial
epicondyle
Humerus
Lateral
Head
Radius
Neck
(c)
Posterior view

55. Distal Ends Of Radius And Ulna
Ulnar notch of radius
Head of
ulna
Styloid
process
Styloid
process
View
(d)

56. Bones Of The Hand: Posterior View
Trapezoid
Trapezium
Scaphoid
Triquetrum
Lunate
Capitate
Hamate
Phalanges
Metacarpals:
Carpals:
(b)
Posterior view
Radius
Ulna
Base
Shaft
Proximal
Middle
Distal
Head 5 4 3 2 1

57. Coxal Bones And Sacrum Iliac crest Iliac fossa Anterior superior
iliac spine
llium
Coxal
bone
(os coxae
or hip
bone)
Anterior
inferior iliac
spine
Sacrum
Pubic
bone
Coccyx
Acetabulum
Ischium
Pubic crest
Pubic symphysis
(a)
Pubic arch

58. Lateral View Of Right Hip Bone
Anterior gluteal
line
Ilium
Ala
Posterior
gluteal line
Iliac crest
Anterior superior iliac spine
Posterior superior
iIiac spine
Inferior
gluteal line
Anterior inferior iliac spine
Posterior inferior
iliac spine
Acetabulum
Greater sciatic notch
Ischial spine
Pubic body
Lesser sciatic notch
Pubis
Ischium
Ischial tuberosity
Inferior ramus
of pubis
Ischial ramus
(b)
Lateral view, right hip bone

59. Medial View Of Right Hip Bone
Ilium
Iliac fossa
Iliac crest
Anterior
superior
iliac spine
Posterior superior
iliac spine
Posterior inferior
iliac spine
Anterior inferior iliac spine
Body of
the ilium
Auricular
surface
Superior ramus of pubis
Ischial spine
Obturator
foramen
Ischium
Ischial ramus
Inferior ramus
of pubis
(c)
Medial view, right hip bone

60. Female and Male Pelves
Table 8.2 (1 of 2)

61. Female and Male Pelves
Table 8.2 (2 of 2)

62. Femur and Patella Neck Greater trochanter Head Lesser trochanter
Apex
Anterior
(a)
Patella
Posterior
Facet for
medial
condyle
of femur
lateral
Surface for
patellar
ligament
Linea aspera
Intercondylar fossa
Lateral
condyle
Medial condyle
Lateral
epicondyle
Lateral
epicondyle
Medial
epicondyle
Patellar
surface
Anterior view
Posterior view
(b)
Femur

63. The Tibia And Fibula Of Right Leg
Medial
condyle
Lateral
Lateral condyle
condyle
Head
Tibial
tuberosity
Proximal
tibiofibular
joint
Head of
fibula
Fibula
Tibia
Fibula
Lateral malleolus
Medial
malleolus
Lateral malleolus
(a)
Anterior view
(b)
Posterior view

64. The Tibia And Fibula Of Right Leg
Lateral
condyle
Lateral
condyle
Tibial
tuberosity
Fibula
articulates
here
(c)
Anterior view
(d)
Posterior view

65. Bones Of Right Foot: Superior View
Distal
Phalanges
Middle
Proximal
Metatarsals
Medial
cuneiform
Intermediate
cuneiform
Lateral
cuneiform
Navicular
Cuboid
Tarsals
Talus
Calcaneus
(a)
Superior view

66. Bones Of Right Foot: Lateral View
Facet for
lateral malleolus
Navicular
Intermediate cuneiform
Lateral cuneiform
Talus
Cuboid
Calcaneus
Fifth
metatarsal
(c)
Lateral view