Byzantine Empire Location of Constantinople -In Asia Minor -Protected from the eastern frontier -Distant from Germanic invasions in western empire -Considered as the crossroads of trade -Easily fortified site on a peninsula bordering natural habors

Why was Constantinople such a powerful city in the Byzantine empire? - it was fortified from invasion and a crossroads of trade Describe how Slavic Russia and the Byzantine Empire were connected. - connected through the Dnieper and Volga rivers that flow into the Black Sea

Byzantine Empire Role of Constantinople Byzantine Emperor Justinian Seat of Byzantine Empire until Ottoman conquest Preserved classical Greco-Roman culture Center of trade Byzantine Emperor Justinian Justinian Code – codification of Roman law (impact) on European legal codes Reconquest of former Roman territories Expansion of trade

Byzantine Empire Byzantine achievements in art and architecture Inspiration provided by Christian religion and imperial power Icons – religious images Mosaics – small pieces of an object put together to make a larger picture; used in public and religious structures Hagia Sophia – Byzantine domed church, built by Justinian

Describe the most striking feature of Byzantine architecture. - the Hagia Sophia – church – an architectural and engineering wonder – huge dome on top

Byzantine Empire 27. Describe Byzantine culture. Like the Romans, who did they borrow ideas from? Continued flourishing of Greco-Roman traditions Greek language (as contrasted with Latin in the West) Greek Orthodox Christianity Greek and Roman knowledge preserved in Byzantine libraries Borrowed from Mediterrenean cultures

Differences in the Eastern and Western Churches Western Church (Roman Catholic Church): Centered in Rome Farther from seat of power after Constantinople became capital Use of Latin language in liturgy (church service) Eastern Church (Greek Orthodox): Centered in Constantinople Close to seat of power after Constantinople became capital Use of Greek language in the liturgy (church service)

Describe the religious controversy that split the Roman Catholic church and the Byzantine Empire around 700 A.D. - Debates over whether clergy should marry, if it is okay to worship icons, and question of whether pope is supreme authority

Byzantine Empire Division between Western and Eastern Churches Authority of the Pope eventually accepted in the West Authority of the Patriarch (church father) accepted in the East Practices such as celibacy eventually accepted in the West

Byzantine Empire Influence of Byzantine culture on Eastern Europe and Russia Trade routes between Black Sea and Baltic Sea Adoption of Orthodox Christianity by Russia and much of Eastern Europe Adoption of Greek alphabet to the Slavic languages by St. Cyril (Cyrillic alphabet) Church architecture and religious art

Why was Moscow referred to as the “Third Rome Why was Moscow referred to as the “Third Rome.” Where was the 1st and 2nd Rome? - when Constantinople fell, Moscow was the new big city – it was also the only seat of the Eastern orthodox church left - The 1st Rome was Rome, the 2nd Rome was Constantinople

Division between Western and Eastern Churches The Eastern and Western churches had major disagreements, including arguments over clergy, icons, leadership and the trinity. Roman Catholic (west) Greek Orthodox (east) Celibacy ______ married priests Married priests allowed Icons Accepted Rejected, then later accepted Leader-ship ____________ Rejected leadership of pope Trinity Holy spirit, father and son Supremacy of father over other two NO Pope

Map of the Byzantine Empire