1. 1. What were the advantages of establishing Constantinople as the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire -It could better protect the eastern frontier -It was farther from the Germanic invasions of the western empire -it had access to trade routes which led to the growth of the empire- It straddled the continents of Europe and Asia -It was easily fortified on a peninsula with a natural harbor.

2. 2. How long did the Byzantine Empire last? Until 1453 C.E.

3. The Eastern Roman Empire became the Byzantine Empire and survived for 1000 years more. THE YEAR “0” FALL OF ROME 476 C.E. FALL OF THE BYZ EMPIRE 1453 C.E. WESTERN R.E.EASTERN R.E. Justinian

4. 3. Who was the empire’s most important emperor? Justinian

5. 4. What was Justinian’s most important political accomplishment? Systemizing the Roman legal code “Justinian’s Code”

6. 5. What was the name of Justinian’s wife? Theodora

7. 6. How did Justinian expand the Byzantine Empire? He reconquered former Roman territories.

8. 7.What did Byzantine and Chinese political systems have in common? They had large bureaucracies that welcomed talented newcomers.

9. 8. How were military troops recruited? By promising the new recruits inheritable land- they could pass the land to their children.

10. 9. What was the capital and commercial center of the Byzantine Empire? Constantinople

11. 10. What happened to other Byzantine cities (such as Athens)? They dwindled in importance

12. 11. What were Byzantine’s primary exports? Luxury products such as silk and carpets

13. 12. What led to the increase in taxes of Byzantine farmers? The costs of the military to fight enemies such as the Ottoman Turks

14. 13. Who primarily controlled the Byzantine (Orthodox) church? The Byzantine Emperor

15. 14. What was the name of the church that Justinian built? The Hagia Sophia

16. 15. What is the name given to the Byzantine form of Christianity? Eastern Orthodox Christianity

17. 16. What is the name of the religious controversy in the Eastern Orthodox Church over the use of religious images? Iconoclastic movement-opposed the use of icons- lasted a little over 100 years

18. 17. Which is the main difference between the spread of civilization in Eastern and Western Europe? The development and spread of the two different types of Christianity

19. 18. What was the political position of the merchant class in the Byzantine Empire? They were wealthy but had little political power

20. 19. What became the official language of the Byzantine Empire? Greek

21. 20. Around what tradition was Byzantine cultural life centered? The secular tradition of Hellenism (Greek-like)

22. 21. Where was Greek and Roman learning preserved? Libraries

23. 22. What were three key Byzantine artistic features? Domes (Onion Domes), Mosaics, Painted Icons

24. 23. What was Byzantine artistic tradition linked to? The Orthodox Church

25. 24. What is imperial patronage? Financial Support by the emperor

26. 25. What part of Europe was always a part of the Byzantine Empire? The Balkans

27. 26. Which of the Balkan kingdoms was the most troublesome to the Byzantines? Bulgaria

28. 27. What was the name of the general who helped Justinian make territorial gains? Belisarius

29. 28. What territorial gains were made by Justinian’s armies? Parts of North Africa and Italy

30. 29. By the end of the 11 th century, what group seized most of Byzantine’s Asiatic provinces? The Ottoman Turks

31. 30. What country was considered Byzantine’s most important “stepchild”? Russia

32. 31. After conquering it, how did the Ottomans change Constantinople’s name? They changed it to Istanbul

33. 32. What two missionaries were responsible for the creation of a written script for the Slavic language? Saint Cyril and Saint Methodius

34. 33. What is the Cyrillic alphabet? It was an adaptation of the Greek alphabet so that the Slavs in Eastern Europe could read and understand religious writings

35. 34. In what ways did the Byzantine Empire have influence on Russia and Eastern Europe? -The adoption of Orthodox Christianity -Architecture and religious art -Trade routes were established between the Black and Baltic Seas

36. 35. In what way was Russia politically different from the Byzantine Empire? Russia did not develop a large imperial bureaucracy

37. 36. What group was responsible for the conquest of Kievan Russia in 1240? The Mongols

38. 37. What group is often credited with the establishment of the kingdom of Kiev? The Vikings from Scandinavia

39. 38. What is the term for the leader of the Orthodox Church? The Patriarch

40. 39. Compared to the location of the “seat” of the Roman Catholic Church, in which direction was the “seat” of the Eastern Orthodox Church? East

41. 39. In what two ways are the Eastern Orthodox Christian Church and the Western Christian Church most similar? Holy Book and Supreme Beings