Nuances of the Glass Ceiling 26 October 2007 Seminar Prof. Kaisa Kauppinen Finnish Institute of Occupational Health

FIOH/Kaisa Kauppinen/20072 Women's Empowerment: Measuring the Global Gender Gap Economic participation and opportunity – outcomes on salaries, participation levels and access to high-skilled employment Educational attainment – outcomes on access to basic and higher level education Political empowerment – outcomes on representation in decision-making structures Health and survival – outcomes on life expectancy and sex ratio Gender Gap Index Sweden 2.Norway 3.Finland 4.Iceland 5.Germany 6.Philippines 7.New Zealand 8.Denmark 9.UK 10.Ireland The Global Gender Gap Report 2006, World Economic Forum, 2006

FIOH/Kaisa Kauppinen/20073 Glass ceiling "Glass ceiling" describes vertical segregation "Glass" implies invisible practices and barriers "Ceiling" refers to the fact that the advancement is being blocked The result is man- domination in the upper bodies of decision- making

FIOH/Kaisa Kauppinen/20074 The glass ceiling in the organisational pyramid Glass ceiling Men Women Support staff (majority women)

FIOH/Kaisa Kauppinen/20075 Some statistics from the EU Share of those aged having graduated from tertiary education –men 23,7 %, women 24,3 % (Finland 41,8%) Full professors or equivalent (Grade A) −women 15% (Finland 23%) Managers (classified in ISCO 12 and 13) −women 30% (Finland 37%) Members of the highest desicion-making bodies in top 50 publicly quoted companies –women 10% (Finland 19%) Members of single/lower houses of national parliaments −women 25% (Finland 42%) Various sources e.g.: Commission of the European Communities, DG, EMPL 2006

FIOH/Kaisa Kauppinen/20076 Profile of women managers High work commitment "I get much satisfaction from my work" women 49%men 39% "I feel daily enthusiastic about my work" women 56%men 44% "I feel self confident and energetic about my work" women 49%men 43% "I'm often interrupted at my work" women 71%men 65% "I neglect my family at least sometimes because of my work" women 73%men 69% Work and health at work, 2006

FIOH/Kaisa Kauppinen/20077 Women managers - a success factor? Both women and men but particularly men find positive elements about their female boss –fair and just in their daily work –create an interactive, participant and supportive atmosphere Only 11 % of employed men have a female boss: female boss is an exception for men New challenges –organizations have flattened –less hierarchical structures –team work has become a norm Competition is intensifying

FIOH/Kaisa Kauppinen/20078 The Nordic women - leaders in gender equality? Finland The first female parliament members 1907 In 2007, a new world record in the number of women in government, with 12 women cabinet members In 2006, in the parliament 42 % women (Sweden 47%) Female president – Ms. Tarja Halonen

FIOH/Kaisa Kauppinen/20079 Gender Equality Barometer 2004 Your opinion of the current situation in which Finland has a woman president. How significant do you consider this?

FIOH/Kaisa Kauppinen/ Future trends: There will not be a rose garden Heightened competition between and within the gender groups Polarization and traditional gender roles Some good examples of breaking through the glass ceiling –in politics, civil society, private business? Through public roles women gain more visibility and power Positive identification models for younger women

FIOH/Kaisa Kauppinen/ Thank you! Danke schön! Kiitos!