1. Gender, Pension and Retirement Lilach Lurie, Tel-Aviv University
Seminar on Aging, Retirement and Pensions:
Trends, Challenges and Policy
March 27‐29, 2018
Leonardo Hotel Ashkelon
Acknowledging with thanks a grant of the National Insurance Institute of Israel

2. Are you satisfied with your pension arrangement
Are you satisfied with your pension arrangement? (Central Bureau of Statistics data, 2012, Israel)

3. The Gender Pension Gap (Ages 65-79, 2012) (among men and men who receive pensions)
Country
40%
EU (28 countries)
34.9% US
45%
Germany
42% UK
33%
Spain
25%
Sweden 7%
Denmark

4. Gender Pension Gap Women’s Pension 6,000 Euro Men’s Pension

5. Causes of the Gender Pension Gap:
1)Severe Legal Discrimination in Pension Arrangements
2) Socio-Economic Conditions
3) Gender Privileges
4) Inequality in Times of Privatization

6. A. Severe Legal Discrimination in Pension Arrangements
Occupational Pension funds did not insure women or married women (examples: the Netherlands, the UK during the 1990s)
2) Women had to retire from work before men (example: Israel)
3) Several public pension arrangements did not allow non-working women to join them

7. B. Socio-Economic Conditions
1) Unequal Participation in the Labor Market 2) Unequal Years in the Labor Market 3) Unequal Hours of Work 4) Unequal Pay 5) Unequal Pension Coverage

8. Participation in the Labor Market (OECD 2015 ages 15-64)
Men (15-64)
Women (15-64)
Country
63.5%
50.9%
OECD average
65.3%
53.7% US
66.8%
56.4%
Australia
57.4%
Canada
68.8%
64.4%
Sweden
52%
41.1%
Spain
65.7%
55.9%
Israel

9. Part Time Work (OECD 2015: rate employed in part time work)
Men
Women
9.5%
25.9%
OECD average
8.4%
17.4% US
12.1%
26.4%
Canada
14.2%
38%
Australia
10.6%
18%
Sweden
7.2%
23.1%
Spain
9.4%
23.3%
Israel

10. The Gender Pay Gap (Monthly Wage of Full Time Employees) (OECD data 2011)
Monthly Wage Gap
Country (2011)
17.78% US
18.25% UK
15.4%
Australia
15.93%
Sweden
8.6%
Spain
18.8%
Canada
21.83%
Israel

11. C. Gender Privileges 1) Eligibility Age for Social Security
Currently (2014) 11/34 OECD countries provide diverse eligibility ages
(Future) 3/34 OECD countries will provide diverse eligibility ages
2) Providing Rights for Widows (but not for widowers)

12. Eligibility for Social Security Benefits (2014)
Men
Women
Country
66/62 US 65
62.5 UK
67/65/60
Canada 67
Australia
Sweden
65 (60)
Spain
70 (67)
70 (62)
Israel

13. D. Inequality in Times of Privatization
1) Inequality in Calculations of Annuities 2) Inequality in Management Fees 3) Inequality in Investments (capital returns)

14. Use of SBMTs (Sex Based Mortality Tables)
Insurance Plans
Employer Pension Plans
Illegal (since 2011)
Illegal (since 1986)
Europe
Legal
Illegal (since 1983) US
Illegal
Canada
Israel

15. Do You Know How Much Management Fees You are Paying
Do You Know How Much Management Fees You are Paying? (Central Bureau of Statistics data 2012, Israel)

16. Policy Implications Equal Opportunities
Equal Socio-Economic Conditions:
Equal Wage; Equal Participation in the Labor
Market; Equal Pension Coverage
3) Equal Privileges
4) Equality in Times of Privatization
Equal Management Fees; Equal Pension Literacy; Equal Calculation of Annuities