2. Gender inequality
The unequal treatment of individuals based on their gender where by men or usually women are denied the same rights and opportunities across sectors of society.
This inequality can be measured by the Global Gender Gap Index (GGGI) devised by the World Economic Forum.
This index focuses on gaps between men and women across four key areas: Health, education, economy and politics.

4.
Iceland (1) top spot for the eighth consecutive year, closing more than 87% of its overall gender gap. It remains the top performer on Political Empowerment and in the top ten on Economic Participation and Opportunity. However, this year’s update of income scales on the estimate earned income indicator reveals that there remains an overall income gender gap to close. Iceland has closed approximately 12% of its total gender gap, making it one of the fastest-improving countries in the world.
Finland (2) overtakes Norway and regains its second place in the world, closing nearly 85% of its overall gender gap. It has fully closed its gender gap on Educational Attainment and Health and Survival and remains the runner-up on Political Empowerment, reaching parity in the number of women in ministerial positions. The Index’s updated estimated earned income scale reveals that Finland, too, has some work left to do to fully close its overall income gender gap.
Norway (3)
Sweden (4)
Rwanda (5) crosses the threshold of closing 80% of its gender gap and overtakes Ireland to break into the top five for the first time since entering the Index. This is mostly due to improvements on its Economic Participation and Opportunity and it remains the country with the highest share of female parliamentarians in the world, 64%. Its Educational Attainment gender gap remains open and ranks 112th despite enrolment in tertiary education improvements. Its Health and Survival gender gap also remains open, placing it 94th in the world.

8. Why is there gender inequality?
Forced Marriage
Poor access to health care
Lack of political participation
Why is there gender inequality?
Forced Labour
Violence against women
Sex Trafficking
Wage inequality
Lack of educational opportunities
Poor access to reproductive health services

11. Method
Always formulate the ‘null hypothesis’ (Hᴏ) which must state the absence of a relationship between the 2 variables that you are investigating.
Then formulate the ‘alternative hypothesis’ which states the presence of a relationship.
**Hopefully you will be able to reject the null and accept the alternative **

12. Method
3. Rank the data. – if shared values exist, calculate the average rank.
4. Calculate ‘d’ which is the difference between the 2 ranks for each pair of data.
5. Calculate d² and then the sum of d².
6. Then use the formula to calculate spearman’s rank coefficient.
The coefficient will always within a range that extends from +1 (perfect positive) to -1 (perfect negative). The greater the value of rs, the stronger the relationship between the 2 variables e.g. +/ represents a stronger correlation than say +/
7. There is always a possibility that a result is due to chance and in statistical terms, a result is only truly significant when it can be demonstrated that it could not occur by chance. Results must always be tested for significance i.e. the probability of chance having influenced the result.
8. Calculate your degrees of freedom and set your critical value to see if your values is significant.

13. Country GGGI Rank HDI d d²
Iceland
0.859
0.895
Finland
0.845
0.879
Norway
0.837
0.944
Sweden
0.816
0.898
Denmark
0.802
0.900
Nicaragua
0.789
0.614
Rwanda
0.785
0.506
Ireland
0.899
Philippines
0.781
0.660
Belgium
0.780
0.881
Switzerland
0.779
0.917
Germany
0.778
0.911 UK
0.738
0.892
Chile
0.697
0.622
Bangladesh
0.558
Italy
0.872
Brazil
0.694
0.744
Romania
0.693
Honduras
0.617
Montenegro
Russia
0.692
Vietnam
0.691
0.683
Senegal
0.485
China
0.719
India
0.645
0.586
Guinea
0.600
0.392
Morocco
0.598
Jordan
0.596
0.745
Lebanon
0.592
0.765
Ivory Coast
0.587
0.452
Iran
0.581
0.749
Mali
0.577
0.407
Syria
0.658
Chad
0.576
0.372
Pakistan
0.552
0.537
Yemen
0.514
0.500

15. Page 248 Critically evaluate the criteria used.
Give your verdict on the usefulness of the data used.
Consider how valid/reliable the data is.
What are its strengths and weaknesses?
What alternatives are available? Are there any gaps in the data used?

16. Strengths
Weaknesses
Economic participation and opportunity
Good discriminator for ACs.
Highlights effectiveness of opportunities to education and rights.
Female desire for job preference not accounted for. Wage difference effected by job/career choice.
Education and attainment
Highlights gender differences in opportunities. Useful to compare stats between ages.
Literacy the most useful.
Education is first step but of little use if opportunities stop.
Enrolment doesn’t equal attendance.
Health and survival
Crucial element to equality. Highlights gender preferences.
Doesn’t cover aspects of actions like FGM or access to family planning.
Political empowerment
Useful as empowerment of women ensures women are considered in decision making.
Years in power distorted by long term holding of Head of State.

17. Strengths
Weaknesses
Economic participation and opportunity
Education and attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment

18. Homework:
Investigate the strategies used in the United Nations Development Project (UNDP) and the work of the ICRW to promote and protect women’s rights.
What are the obstacles to successful implementation of their strategies?