Chapter 11, Section 4 The Civil War & American Life p The war causes divisions in both North & South while changing the lives of civilians & soldiers alike.

Divisions Over the War Main Idea: On both sides, pursuit of the war is hampered by disagreements among the people. Southern Division: some southern states object to the Confederate draft of their men – Some states (S.C.) don’t want officers from other states commanding their soldiers Northern Division: Democrats blame Lincoln for the war. – Demand a negotiated peace with the Confederacy Both Abraham Lincoln & Jefferson Davis suspend the writ of habeas corpus – Constitutional protection against unlawful imprisonment Copperheads: Northern Democrats opposed to the war (p. 403)

The Draft Laws Main Idea: Both sides find it necessary to draft men into military service. Rioters protesting “poor man’s fight” clash with Federal troops in New York High causality rates & desertion force both sides to issue the draft – a system of required military service. South draft white men ages – Later, ages extended to North draft men ages – Wealthy families can pay $300 to avoid sending their men off to war. – Southerners who own 20 or more slaves don’t have to serve. Draft causes riots in New York, -July, 1863 – Riot lasts several days: destroy property of the wealthy & attack African Americans

The War and Economic Strain Main Idea: The war strains the finances of governments and individuals. Food Riots in Richmond, VA Industry booms in North – Causes labor shortage To pay for the war, Congress levies the first income tax – to impose by law – tax based on the amount of money earned North uses paper money to finance the war – This creates inflation in North – general rise in prices – Inflation far worse in South South suffers food shortages – 1,000 women riot in Richmond, looting stores for clothing, shoes, & food in 1863 Why?

Women in the Civil War Main Idea: The war opens many new opportunities for women, who contribute greatly to the war effort. Home Front: North & South – Run farms & plantations – Work factory jobs – Work government jobs War Front: North & South – Spies – Scouts At least 400 women pose as men to join the army. Before the Civil War, men were the nurses Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell: 1 st Female doctor in America – Stress cleanliness in medicine & military camps Clara Barton: Founder of the American Red Cross

Mary Boykin Chesnut Wife of U.S. Senator, James Chesnut, Jr. (South Carolina) – He served as brigadier general in Confederate Army She kept a personal diary throughout the war (Feb Jun. 1865) – Witnessed bombardment of Ft. Sumter Diary is primary source with a Southern point-of-view – Awarded Pulitzer prize for history

Spy vs. Spy Rose O’Neal Greenhow Liked to throw parties for Union Officers passed information to Confederacy passed information to Confederacy Deported to England-drowned in a ship wreck Deported to England-drowned in a ship wreck Elizabeth Van Lew Union Spy in Richmond Called “Crazy Bet” acted crazy around Confederates Called “Crazy Bet” acted crazy around Confederates Spied on Jefferson Davis at the Confederate White House Spied on Jefferson Davis at the Confederate White House Gen. Grant, "You have sent me the most valuable information received from Richmond during the war." Gen. Grant, "You have sent me the most valuable information received from Richmond during the war."

Is it Mr. or Mrs.? Frances Clayton Jack Williams Frances Clayton fought beside her husband during the Civil War as Jack Williams in a Missouri artillery unit and later in the cavalry

Jenny Hodgers/Albert D. Cashier Enlisted in Illinois 95 th Infantry Regiment as Albert D. Cashier Served until the war was over Continued posing as Albert D. Cashier until shortly before her death Received a veteran’s pension for her service