Migration Belgium – Belgian Migration Germany – German Migration Scotland – Scottish Migration

Migration of Belgium

History: migration

History: migration 1948: increase because of the coal mines.  1965: industrialization  1980- … : slow increase

History: migration

Why is there migration now?

Why is there migration now? Brussels : capital city of Europe. study posibility Connect again with the family

Consequences Influences on religion e.g. mosque Influences on the language: e.g. restaurant ( from France) Influences on the food: e.g. Italian, Chinese restaurant, …

Migration of Germany

The most common

Migration in Germany

Foreigner in Germany Germans as Foreigner

Percentage of foreigners Under 1,5 1,5 – 2,5 2,5 – 4,0 4,0 – 5,0 5,0 – 6,0 6,0 – 7,5 7,5 – 9,0 9,0 – 11,0 11,0 – 15,0 15,0 and higher

Historical foreigner population In persons

1. Phase   2. Phase   3. Phase 1871- 1914: foundation of the German Empire and high industrialization: Germany changes from an emigration (e.g. to the USA) to an immigration country (polish miners from Silesia to the Ruhrgebiet) 1945-1949: 8 Mio. of refugees and displaced persons came to the western zones, 3.6 Mio. to the Soviet Zone.   1949-1961 (construction of the German Wall): 3.5 Mio persons come from DDR/ East Germany to BRD/West Germany  1955-1973: the „economic miracle“ /Wirtschaftswunder brings the first immigration wave of foreign workers. 14 Mio „Gastarbeiter“ from Italy, Greece, Spain, Turqey, Marocco, Tunesia and Jugoslavia come to the BRD. 1973: „Anwerbestopp“/ official stop of recruitment of foreign workers 1966-1989: In the DDR 500.000 workers come from the „socialist brother“ in Angola, China, Mozambique, Kuba... Since1950 : more than 4 Mio late ethnic german immigrants (Spätaussiedler) come from East Europe, most after the end of the Cold War. 1953-2004: 3 Mio asylum seekers (political refugees) 2000: Demographic changement makes migration and integration an important challenge for current polities in Germany.

The main reasons for migration to Germany Reason 1: People looking for jobs (from Poland, Italy, Spain, Portugal and Turkey) Reason 2: Russian people of German origin Reason 3: Asylum seekers

The first reason People came to Germany in the 20th century to get new jobs here; First came thePolish people in 1900; after that the Italians then the Spanish people then the Portuguese and last group were the Turkish people; These people (1,2 Millions) were able to get a job. They were cheap workers. They came as temporary workers, many stayed in Germany (problem: integration).

The second reason Emigration from Russia to Germany • Katherina II wanted the Germans to immigrate into Russia.  they helped to improve the agricultural situation in Russia (they knew how to work the fertile grounds) • Reality was different -> thousands of people died Emigration from Russia to Germany • Willy Brandt ( former German chancellor ) signed a treaty with the USSR -> allowed the descendants to come back to Germany Katherina II

The second reason (II) After 1990, many Germans from Eastern Europe came back to Germany, for example - 1.979 900 from Russia - 429 000 from Romania - 1.442 900 from Poland

The third reason Escape and asylum seekers: •  “political persecuted persons have a right to asylum“ art. 16 GG • under the impression of thenational socialist reign of terror the Germans decided to give everyone asylum • everyone can use this right (coming from war zones like nowadays Afghanistan ) -> number of asylum seekers rose -> confine this basic right (application for asylum is necessary)

Summary: Reasons for migration to Germany Push-factors Low living standard (bad education, high unemployment rate,…) No social security Pull-factors High living standard (good education, low unemployment rate) Good social security (medical insurance, pension insurance, unemployment insurance)

Consequences Multicultural population Food Religion Traditions Language

Scottish Migration

For many years people have been migrating to and from Scotland. The current statistics show: Population : 5,168,500

Although there has been much immigration to scotland, the most notable was throughout the 19th century, when many Irish people decided to emigrate to Scotland. Push their staple diet of potatoes was hit by crippling blight. Farmers were the majority, and they were being kicked off their land, with nowhere to live. -Poor living conditions Pull There were high oppurtunities in employment – industrial boom Housing Nearby- cheap to get to Many Irish had relatives

Soon after, many Scots began facing difficulties, and decided to move abroad themselves. They went to many countries such as South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, USA, in search of a better quality of life.

Poor work and living conditions in the Scottish housing and industry. PUSH Highland Clearances – (in the highlands, many tennant farmers were removed from their land due to the landowners desire for sheep farming. Poor work and living conditions in the Scottish housing and industry. High rent prices Disease PULL Much available cheap farm land in places like Australia more job opportunities the Scots where very skillful, and where seen as treasures abroad the gold rush in South Africa cheap and easier travel which made the journey safer

In the mid 20th century, today’s multi-cultural society was born People from all around the world began to pour into Scotland and provide their skills and culture for all to experience. However, today the most prominent immigration to Scotland is from Poland, and unfortunately, they are not as well received, despite providing an essential work force.

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