LINIMENTS Author: as. Yu.Yu. Plaskonis

Liniment (liquid or ointment) - dosage form for external use, is a fat liquid or gelatinous mass, which melt at body temperature. Wide application of liniment in medical practice due to their advantages:  Medicinal substances of the liniment is well absorbed by the skin, and have high bioavailability.  Compared with ointments liniments better applied to the skin, leaving fewer traces on skin and clothing of the patient.

Classification liniment may be carried out on various grounds. The therapeutic liniments are: analgesic, irritants, anti-inflammatory, astringent, fungicidal The nature of the dispersion medium liniments can be divided into liniments: fatty, alcohol, soap-alcohol

 Fatty liniments (Linimenta pinguia seu olimenta), as the dispersion medium include fatty oils or fat-like substance (lanolin). The most commonly used sunflower, linseed, castor oil. Medicinal substances can include both liquid (chloroform, turpentine, ether, tar) and powder (camphor, menthol, novocaine, dermatol, etc.).  Liniment alcohol (Linimenta spirituosa) contain alcohol and liqueurs (usually brandy peppers), as well as various medicinal substances.

 Soap-alcohol liniments (Sapolnimenta), contained as a dispersion medium alcoholic solutions of soap. They may be liquid (if they contain potassium soap) or jelly (if they contain sodium soap) When rubbing the skin cause emulsification of sebum and rapidly absorbed into the skin, along with drugs.  Vazolimenta characterized by the presence of Olii Vaselini. Due to the high chemical inertness of Olii Vaselini is very stable during storage.

By type of disperse systems liniments can be divided into: Homogenous: solvents and extraction Heterogeneous: liniments - suspension liniments - emulsion combined

 Liniment is prepared by the general rules of preparation of liquid dosage forms. Homogenous and some liniment liniments, emulsions are usually prepared directly in a dry glass for the dispence.

 It should be remembered that thick and viscous liquid (fatty oils, tar, methyl salicylate, etc.), as well as liquid, which differ in density of water (ether, chloroform) are sold by weight. Water, alcohol, water and alcohol solutions, measured from the volume.

 Liniments suspensions prepared in mortar. In the prescribed liquids medicinal nonsolutes are ground down by liquid components by rule of Deryahin.

 Emulsion liniment is prepared with the use of emulsifier on the general rules of preparation of emulsions.

 When producing liniment solutions first in a bottle put solids, bottle weighed, weighed solvent (or, measure). All fragrant liquid is added in the last turn. At the same time the extract in the recipe substances forming eutectic (menthol, camphor, phenyl salicylate, etc.) –they are dissolved separately - first one substance, then the solvent and therefore has to make another substance is soluble drugs have been introduced in the liniment according to their solubility in the prescribed components: dissolved in the solvent in which they are more soluble, and then mixed with other ingredients.

 Insoluble in liquids, prescription drugs have been crushed liquid components. Since the dispersion medium in the liniment thick, viscous, in the suspension liniment not introduce surface-active matter if they are not prescribed by a doctor. The stability of the suspension is achieved due to the high viscosity of the medium. Emulsion liniments are prepared using emulsifiers of the general rules of preparation of emulsions. Heterogeneous liniments a supplementary label "shake before use". Quality liniment made by the deviation in the mass, as well as the organoleptic characteristics: homogeneity, lack of foreign inclusions, color, odor.

Liniment-solutions include several mutually soluble substances. This is a transparent mixture of fatty oils with essential oils, Chloroformum, Methyl salicylate, ether, turpentine. May include in their composition and a variety of solids, soluble in prescribed fluids: Camphora, Mentholum, Anaesthezinum etc.

Rp.: Chloroformii 10,0 Olеi Нelianthi Olеi Terebinthinae aa 20,0 M.D. S. To rub in the joint

In a bottle for dispense of orange glass weighed 20,0 sunflower oil, then without removing the scales 10,0 chloroform and least 20,0 turpentine. Sealed, shaken until smooth. Prepares to dispense: № prescription labels "Store in a dark, cool place." Rub on painful joints

All three liquid components mutually soluble in each other, turpentine is included to the list of fragrant matters. Chloroform though shows by itself a volatile liquid with a characteristic smell, to the list of fragrant does not belong. Therefore it is in the last turn necessary to weigh out turpentine.

W.C.P.(f.s.) Date № 1 Olei Нelianthi 20,0 Chloroformii 10,0 Olei Terebinthinaе 20,0 ________________ m = 50,0 Prepared : Checked:

Rp.: Mentholi 2,0 Camphorae 3,0 Olei Helianthi 80,0 Methylii salicylatis 5,0 M.D.S. To rub in the joint

 The prescribed solid substances (Mentholum, Camphora) are well soluble in sunflower-seed oil, but in connection with formation of eutectic mixture they need to be dissolved in turn.  In a bottle for dispense of orange glass put 2,0 menthol, weighed 80,0 sunflower oil, dissolved. After the complete dissolution of the menthol is added 3,0 camphor dissolved. At least weighed 5,0 methyl salicylate. Prepares to dispense: № prescription labels "Outside", "Keep in a cool, dark place."

W.C.P.(f.s.) Date № 2 Mentholi 2,0 Olei Helianthi 80,0 Camphorae 3,0 Methylii salicylatis 5,0 _____________ M = 90,0 Prepared : Checked:

 Liniments - suspensions - are thin hangings up parts of in the prescribed liquids medicinal nonsolutes (Zinci oxidi, Talci, Xeroformii, calcspar, Amyli, Sulfanilamidi preparations).  As a dispersible environment is used glycerin, fat oils, alcohol, water and other.  Prepare preparation of suspensions on general rules.

Emulsion liniments consist of mixture of fat oils with meadows or contain soap solutions. As an example, it is possible to bring the pharmacopeias sample of writing over of liniment ammoniac : Rp.: Olei Helianthi 74,0 Solutionis Ammonii caustici 25 ml Acidi oleinici 1,0 Misce.Da. Signa. For rubbing

 This medicinal preparation - emulsion liniment in the complement of which enters a fragrant liquid is solution of ammonia. Role of emulsifier an ammoniacal oleate, formed as a result of reaction of neutralization, acts part.  In a bottle for dispense weighed 74,0 sunflower oil, add 1.0 oleic acid (drops), mix. Then add 25 ml ammonia solution, shaken. Prepares to dispense: № prescription, '' Store in a cool dark place before use shake'',''.

WCP.(f.s.) Date№ 3 Olei Helianthi 74,0 Acidi oleinici 1,0 Solutionis Ammonii caustici 25 ml М=100,0

Combined liniments  Combined liniments include various dispersed systems: emulsions, suspensions, solutions. Prepare them according to the rules of preparation of individual disperse systems. Powdered drugs have been introduced into the emulsion on the general rules: soluble in oil: - injected into the oil phase; soluble in water - the water until the emulsion. Do not soluble either in water or in oil-injected type suspensions in the finished emulsion.

 Rp.: Linimenti ammoniati 50,0 Mentholi 0,5 Misce.Da. Signa.

 This drug - combined Liniment - emulsion - solution which consists of sweet-smelling, volatile substances - ammonia and menthol, two viscous liquids - sunflower oil and oleic acid. Menthol is readily soluble in oil, because it has to be put into oil-bearing phase to obtain an emulsion.

In a bottle for dispense dark glass is placed 0,5 menthol and weighed 37,0 sunflower oil. Dissolved add 12,5 ml ammonia, shaken. Prepares to dispense: № prescription, label: "External'' 'Store in a cool, dark place", "shake before use''. WCP.(f.s.) Date№ 5 Mentholi 0,5 Olei Helianthi 37,0 Acidi oleinici 0,5 Solutionis Ammonii caustici 12,5 ml М=50,5

 A eutectic system is a mixture of chemical compounds or elements that has a single chemical composition that solidifies at a lower temperature than any other composition. This composition is known as the eutectic composition and the temperature is known as the eutectic temperature. On a phase diagram the intersection of the eutectic temperature and the eutectic composition gives the eutectic point.[1] Not all binary alloys have a eutectic point: those that form a solid solution at all concentrations, such as the gold-silver system, have no eutectic