1. Semisolid Dosage Forms
Pharmaceutics 2 & 3
صيدلانيات 2&3
Unit / second semester
Semisolid Dosage Forms
Ointments

2. Semisolid Dosage Forms
Topical preparations are used for both local and systemic effects.
Systemic drug absorption should always be considered when using topical products if the patient is pregnant or nursing, because drugs can enter the fetal blood supply and breast milk and be transferred to the fetus or nursing infant.

3. Semisolid Dosage Forms
A topical dermatological product is designed to deliver drug into the skin in treating dermal disorders, with the skin as the target organ.
A transdermal product is designed to deliver drugs through the skin (percutaneous absorption) to the general circulation for systemic effects, with the skin not being the target organ

4. Semisolid Dosage Forms
Ointments, creams, and gels are semisolid dosage forms intended for topical application.
They may be applied to the skin, placed on the surface of the eye, or used nasally, vaginally, or rectally.
Most of these preparations are used for the effects of the therapeutic agents they contain.
The unmediated ones are used for their physical effects as protectants or lubricants.

5. OINTMENTS
Ointments are semisolid preparations intended for external application to the skin or mucous membranes.
Ointments may be medicated or not.
Unmedicated ointments are used for the physical effects they provide as protectants, emollients, or lubricants.
Ointment bases, may by used for their physical effects or as vehicles for medicated ointments.

6. OINTMENT BASES:
Ointment bases are generally classified by the USP into four groups:
(a) oleaginous bases,
(b) absorption bases,
(c) water-removable bases,
(d) water-soluble bases.

8. SELECTION OF THE APPROPRIATE BASE
Selection of the base to use in the formulation of an ointment depends on careful assessment of a number of factors, including the following:
• Desired release rate of the drug substance from the ointment base
• Desirability of topical or percutaneous drug absorption
• Desirability of occlusion of moisture from the skin
• Stability of the drug in the ointment base
• Effect, if any, of the drug on the consistency or other features of the ointment base
• Desire for a base easily removed by washing with water
• Characteristics of the surface to which it is applied

9. For example, an ointment is generally applied to dry, scaly skin; a cream is applied to weeping or oozing surfaces, and a lotion is applied to intertriginous areas or where friction may occur, as between the thighs or under the armpit.

10. PREPARATION OF OINTMENTS
Ointments are prepared by two general methods:
(a) incorporation
(b) fusion,
Depending primarily on the nature of the ingredients.

11. Incorporation
The components are mixed until a uniform preparation is attained.
On a small scale, as in extemporaneous compounding, the pharmacist may mix the components using a mortar and pestle, or a spatula may be used to rub the ingredients together on an ointment slab (a large glass or porcelain plate or pill tile).
Others will use an ointment mill

12. Incorporation of Solids.
When preparing an ointment by spatulation, the pharmacist works the ointment with a stainless steel spatula having a long, broad blade and periodically removes the accumulation of ointment on the large spatula with a smaller one.
If the components of an ointment react with metal (as does iodine), hard rubber spatulas may be used.

13. Incorporation of Liquids.
Liquid substances or solutions of drugs, as described above, are added to an ointment only after due consideration of an ointment base’s capacity to accept the volume required.
For example, only very small amounts of an aqueous solution may be incorporated into an oleaginous ointment, whereas hydrophilic ointment bases readily accept aqueous solutions.

14. Fusion
By the fusion method, all or some of the components of an ointment are combined by being melted together and cooled with constant stirring until congealed.
Components not melted are added to the congealing mixture as it is being cooled and stirred.
Naturally, heat-labile substances and any volatile components are added last, when the temperature of the mixture is low enough not to cause decomposition or volatilization of the components.

15. PACKAGING, STORAGE, AND LABELING
Ointments and other semisolid preparations are packaged either in large-mouth ointment jars or in metal or plastic tubes.
Semisolid preparations must be stored in well-closed containers to protect against contamination and in a cool place to protect against product separation in heat.
When required, light-sensitive preparations are packaged in opaque or light-resistant containers.
In addition to the usual labeling requirements for pharmaceutical products, the USP directs the labeling for certain ointments and creams include the type of base used (e.g., water soluble or water insoluble).