1. INFUSIONS AND DECOCTIONS Author: as. Yu.Yu. Plaskonis

2. Infusions and decoctions are liquid medical forms representing water extractions from medical plant raw material, as well as aqueous solutions of dry or liquid extracts (concentrates).

3. INFUSERS

4. Theoretical principles of the extraction process of medicinal plant raw material The process of extraction of active substances from the plant raw material consists of the following stages: 1) swelling 2) the primary sap formation inside cells 3) mass exchange

5. THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE COMPLETENESS AND THE RATE OF EXTRACTION OF ACTIVE SUBSTANCES  The correlation between the amounts of the raw material and extraction agent;  Standards of the raw material (the quantity of active substances in the raw material);  The histological structure of the raw material;  The degree of powdering of the raw material;  The material of the apparatuses applied;  Temperature and the infusion time;  The influence of enzymes and the microflora;  The chemical composition of the active substances;  pH.

6. The corelation of the amount of raw material and extraction agent 1:10All plants, except strong- effective ones 1:20Althaea root 1:30Valeriana, Adonis, Claviceps purpurea, Convallaria, Saponaria officinalis, Polemonium coeruleum, Polygala vulgaris 1:400Strong-effective plants (Thermopsis, Digitalis, etc.)

7. Methods for prescribing water extractions  Rp.: Infusi herbae Hyperici ex 10,0 - 200 ml Da. Signa. For rinsing of the mouth’s cavity. According to the given formula it is necessary to prepare 200 volumetric parts of the infusion from 10 weighed parts of St. John’s wort herb.  Rp.: Infusi h е rb ае L ео nuri 200 ml Da. Signa. One tablespoon 3 times a day In this case it is necessary to prepare 200 volumetric parts of the infusion from 20 weighed parts of Leonuri herb.

8. The water-absorption coefficient (C wa ) shows the amount of a liquid, which is in 1.0 g of the plant raw material of the standard degree of powdering after its wringing in the punched glass of the infusor. Conventional coefficients: for the roots – 1.5; for bark, flowers and herbs- 2.0; for seeds – 3.0. For example, to obtain 200 ml of infusion from Leonuri herb the amount of water to be taken should be: 200 + (20.0 × 2) = 240 ml.

9. TEMPERATURE AND DURATION OF THE EXTRACTION PROCESS (KINETICS OF EXTRACTION) Water extractionTime of infusion (the water bath temperature) Time of cooling (the room temperature) Infusion (less than )15 min45 min More than 1 l25 min45 min Decoction (less than )30 min10 min More than 1 l40 min10 min Infusions and decoctions with the indication “Cito!” in the prescriptions 25 minartificially

10. Peculiarities of the infusion formulation from the raw materials containing alkaloids (Thermopsis herb, Belladonna herb, Selaginis herb, Ipecacuanha root, Chinchona bark, etc.). The raw material is extracted by water acidified with the hydrochloric acid in the concentration of 0.83% (the quantity of the acid should be the same as the amount of alkaloids in the plant raw material)

11. Rp.: Infusi herbae Thermopsidis ex 0.5 - 200 ml Natrii benzoatis 4.0 Misce. Da. Signa. One tablespoon 3 times a day.

12. This medical preparation is the mixture from the plant raw material containing alkaloids (thermopsin, etc.), belonging to the strong- effective substances, and sodium benzoate readily soluble in water. The standards of the raw material according to the State Pharmacopoeia ХI is 1.5 %. It means that 100.0 g of the raw material contains ------------1.5 g of alkaloids 0.5 g -----------Х g of alkaloids Х = 0.0075 g of alkaloids The quantity of the hydrochloric acid solution (1:10) is 0.83 %: 0.83 g of hydrogen chloride ----------------------- 100 ml of the acid solution 0.0075 g - -----------------------------X ml of the acid solution Х = 0.9 ml = 18 drops (1 ml - 20 drops).

13.  In the pre-heated porcelain infuser place 0.5 g of the powdered Thermopsis herb, add 18 drops of 0.83 % of the hydrochloric acid solution, add 200 ml of the purified water (if the amount of a dry medicinal raw material is less than 1.0 g; the water absorption coefficient can be neglected). Infuse for 15 minutes on the boiling water bath, stirring constantly. Then cool for 45 minutes and filter in the volumetric cylinder. Press the raw material with the press-strainer and add water to the required volume through the pressed raw material. Pour the infusion obtained into the auxiliary bottle and dissolve 4.0g of sodium benzoate, then filter into the bottle for dispensing.

14. WCP (front side) Date № Pr. Herbae Thermopsidis 0.5 Sol. Acidi hydrochlorici (1:10) gtts XVIII (1 ml-20 dr.) Aquae purificatae 200 ml Infusi herbae Thermopsidis ad 200 ml Natrii benzoatis 4.0 V total =200 ml Prepared by: (Signature) Checked by: (Signature)

15. The peculiarities of the formulation of infusions from the raw material containing cardiac glycosides (Digitalis leaves, Adonis herb, Drimia bulbs, etc.) 1. pН of the medium should be neutral because in the acid and alkaline medium the cardiac glycosides are splitted to genines 2. Observance of the established degree of powdering the plant raw material 3. A strict observance of the temperature and time regimen of infusion

16. The peculiarities of the formulation of water extractions from the plant raw material containing volatile oils (Valerian roots and rhizomes, mint leaves, Origanum herb, chamomile flowers, etc.) 1. The process of extraction is conducted in infusers tightly closed with covers 2. Filter only after the complete cooling of infusion

17. The peculiarities of the formulation of water extractions from the plant raw material containing saponins (Polygala root, Polemonium root and rhizomes, Glycyrrhiza root, etc.) Saponins are extracted the most completely in the presence of sodium hydrocarbonate, which is added calculated by 1.0 g per 10.0 g of the raw material, but only if it is prescribed in the formula.

18. Rp.: Infusi radicis Althaeae ex 4.0 - 100 ml Natrii benzoatis 3.0 Natrii hydrocarbonatis 2.0 Liquoris Ammonii anisati 3 ml Sirupi simplicis 10 ml Misce. Da. Signa. One tablespoon 3 times a day.

19.  The mixture from the raw material containing a mucilage with the substances soluble in water, an aromatic substance – ammoniac anise drops, which is specific when introducing, and a viscous liquid –the sugar syrup.  Place 4.8 g of the powdered Althea root in the auxiliary bottle, add 120 ml of the purified water and infuse at the room temperature within 30 minutes while stirring frequently by a glass stick. When the time is over, the infusion is filtered through a double gauze layer into a measuring cylinder and without wringing the raw material, add some water through the raw material to make the volume to 100 ml. Pour the infusion obtained into the auxiliary bottle, where at first dissolve 2.0 g of sodium hydrocarbonate, then add sodium benzoate and filter into the bottle for dispensing. In a small jar measure 10 ml of a simple syrup and 3 ml of ammoniac anis drops, stir with a glass stick while shaking and add the mixture to the infusion prepared.

20. TANK YOU FOR ATTENTION!