 Middle Ages ………  “Natural philosophers”- medieval scientists didn’t observe natural world.  used ancients (ex: Aristotle) –scientific knowledge.

Renaissance Impact Mastery of Greek & Latin. Study ancients (Ptolemy, Archimedes & Plato). Contradicted Aristotle-caused questioning New technology & mathematics problems require observation & accurate measurements telescope & microscope printing press Mathematics

 new view of universe.  The Ptolemaic System (Middle Ages)  geocentric -Earth center of universe.( church view)  Spheres- God controlled  10 th sphere “prime mover.”  Outside 10 th sphere= heaven Say what !!!!

 Nicolas Copernicus  universe –heliocentric (sun centered)  Earth Rotated on axis  Johannes Kepler  laws of planetary motion.  planets –elliptical orbits (egg shaped)  Galileo  telescope  Proved sun center of universe &  Planets not orbs of light-solid matter  Angered church.

 3 laws of motion –control planets  universal law of gravitation- explains elliptical orbit around sun.  world machine concept- Natural law controlled the universe.

 Galen-Middle Ages physician  Dissected animals  Liver began blood circulation (wrong)  William Harvey & Andreas Vesalius  Dissected people  Harvey - Heart- beginning of blood circulation  Vesalius- identified organs

 Robert Boyle  Boyle’s law  Gas volume varies with pressure  Antoine Lavoisier  Founder of modern Chemistry  invented naming chemical elements

Margaret Cavendish (philosopher) Disagreed humans master nature through science Maria Winkelmann. astronomer-discovered a comet

 Rene Descartes  Father of Rationalism  Reason = Knowledge (ability to think & conclude)  Wrote about doubt & uncertainty  believed what reason said was true  “I think. Therefore I am.”  His existence

 Francis Bacon  Learn about nature using inductive reasoning- start with detailed facts & move towards general principles.  Scientific method- systematic procedure for collecting & analyzing evidence.

 Sun-centered model of the universe  Heliocentric  He developed laws of planetary motion  Kepler  His observations suggested that planets had substance.  Galileo

Francis Bacon, who developed the scientific method, was also what? Philosopher This included a systematic procedure, based on collecting and analyzing evidence, and crucial to the evolution of science. Scientific method

 Egg-shaped  Elliptical  Law of universal attraction  Gravity  Proceeding from the particular to the general is called what?  Inductive reasoning

 Rene Descartes believed in one absolute truth,  which was?  His own existence  Rationalism is the belief that reason is the chief source of what?  knowledge