 Prior to 18 th century

 Medical Model considers forms of abnormal behavior to be a disease  The major issue with diagnosis of abnormal behavior: Where is the line between abnormal behavior and illness?

 What determines a psychological disorder?  Clinical Criteria:  1.) Deviance – Behavior deviates from what society considers acceptable  2.) Maladaptive – Behavior interferes with person’s everyday functioning  3.) Personal Distress- Behavior causes person some distress  Diagnosis issues

 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) ◦ This book outlines the system for classifying psychological disorders

 1.) Generalized Anxiety Disorder  2.) Phobic Disorder  3.) Panic Disorder ◦ A.) Agoraphobia  4.) Obsessive Compulsive Disorder  5.) Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

 1.) Generalized Anxiety Disorder ◦ Marked by chronic, high level of anxiety not tied to any specific threat  2.) Phobic Disorder ◦ Person has a persistent and irrational fear of object or situation presenting no real danger (phobia)  3.) Panic Disorder ◦ Recurrent attacks of overwhelming anxiety that usually occur suddenly and unexpectedly  Often leads to agoraphobia ◦ Agoraphobia – fear of going out to public places

 4.) Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◦ Marked by persistent, uncontrollable intrusions of unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and urges to engage in senseless rituals (compulsions) ◦ Some common behaviors ◦ Howard Hughes  5.) Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) ◦ Enduring psychological disturbance attributed to experience of a major traumatic event.  Example events  Symptoms

 Seems to be a moderate genetic predisposition  These may be acquired through classical or operant conditioning ◦ How so?  A certain style of thinking may lead a person to be more vulnerable

 Dissociative Identity Disorder (Multiple Personality Disorder) ◦ Involves coexistence in one person of two or more largely complete and usually very different personalities  Characteristics:

 Specific cause of disorder unknown  Some believe disorder is not real:  Others believe it is authentic

 Major Depressive Disorder ◦ Persistent feelings of sadness and despair + loss of interest in previous sources of pleasure ◦ Symptoms: ◦ Average episode length ◦ Percentage of Americans who suffer at some point:

 Bipolar Disorder ◦ Marked by experience of both depressed and manic periods ◦ What is behavior like during manic period? ◦ What is behavior like during depressed period?

 Heredity can cause a predisposition  Neurochemical factors ◦ Abnormal levels of norepinephrine and serotonin may contribute

 Sample Clip ◦  What percentage of population may be afflicted  Symptoms:  1.) Delusions and Irrational Thought ◦ Sample thoughts ◦ Delusions of grandeur ◦ Chaotic, non linear thinking  2.) Deterioration of Adaptive Behavior

 3.) Distorted Perception ◦ Auditory Hallucinations most common ◦ Hallucinations – Sensory perceptions that occur in absence of a real, external stimulus  4.) Disturbed Emotion ◦ Flattening of emotions or inappropriate emotional responses to situations