1. Anxiety Disorders WEB

2. Anxiety as a Normal and an Abnormal Response Some amount of anxiety is “normal” and is associated with optimal levels of functioning. Only when anxiety begins to interfere with social or occupational functioning is it considered “abnormal.”

3. The Fear and Anxiety Response Patterns Fear Panic Anxiety Anxiety Disorder

4. The Bell Curve

5. An Important Law- The Yerkes Dodson LawThe Yerkes Dodson Law

6. Another Bell Curve- Courtesy of Our Good Buddies Yerkes-Dodsen

7. Phobic Disorders Phobias 1.Specific phobias 2.Social phobia 3.Agoraphobia

8. Specific Phobias

9. Psychosocial causal factors Genetic and temperamental causal factors Preparedness and the nonrandom distribution of fears and phobias Treating specific phobias

10. Social Phobia General characteristics Fear of being in social situations in which one will be embarrassed or humiliated

11. Social Phobia Interaction of psychosocial and biological causal factors –Social phobias as learned behavior –Social fears and phobias in an evolutionary context –Preparedness and social phobia

12. Social Phobia Interaction of psychosocial and biological causal factors –Genetic and temperamental factors –Perceptions of uncontrollability –Cognitive variables

13. Panic Disorder With and Without Agoraphobia Panic disorder Panic versus anxiety Agoraphobia Agoraphobia without panic

14. Panic Disorder Prevalence and age of onset Comorbidity with other disorders Biological causal factors The role of Norepinephrine and Serotonin

15. Panic and the Brain

16. Panic Disorder Genetic factors Cognitive and behavioral causal factors Interoceptive fears

17. Panic Disorder: The Cognitive Theory of Panic

18. Perceived control and safety Anxiety sensitivity as a vulnerability factor for panic Safety behaviors and the persistence of panic Cognitive biases and the maintenance of panic

19. Treating Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia Medications Behavioral and cognitive-behavioral treatments

20. Generalized Anxiety Disorder General characteristics Prevalence and age of onset Comorbidity with other disorders

21. Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Psychosocial Causal Factors The psychoanalytic viewpoint Classical conditioning to many stimuli The role of unpredictable and uncontrollable events A sense of mastery: immunizing against anxiety

22. Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Biological Causal Factors Genetic factors A functional deficiency of GABA Neurobiological differences between anxiety and panic

23. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Obsessions- repetitive unwanted ideas that the person recognizes are irrational Compulsions- repetitive, often ritualized behavior whose behavior serves to diminish anxiety caused by obsessions

24. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Prevalence and age of onset Characteristics of OCD Types of compulsions Comorbidity with other disorders

25. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Psychosocial Causal Factors Psychoanalytic viewpoint Behavioral viewpoint The role of memory Attempting to suppress obsessive thoughts

26. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Biological Causal Factors Genetic influences Abnormalities in brain function The role of serotonin

27. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Critical Component –Symptoms occurs AFTER a traumatic stressor

28. Symptoms Categories Intrusive –distressing recollections –dreams –flashbacks –psychological trigger reactions –physiological trigger reactions

29. Symptoms Categories Avoidance –avoid thoughts, feelings or discussions –avoid activities, places –memory blocks –anhedonia (without pleasure) –numb –alexithymia (emotions unknown) –feeling of doom

30. Symptom Categories Hyperarousal Symptoms –sleep disturbance –anger problems –concentration –startle response –“on guard” hypervigilence

31. Diagnoses Acute Stress Disorder –new to DSM-IV (1994) –symptoms 2 days to 4 weeks following traumatic event PTSD –new to DSM-III (1980) –symptoms beyond 4 weeks –delayed onset

32. Who Is Vulnerable? All ages Both genders Across Cultures and ethnic groups

33. Some Stats Andrews, Wahlberg, Montgomery (1993)

34. Employment

35. Depression

36. Types of Traumas Natural –earthquakes –floods –fires Human induces –war –crimes of violence

37. Co-Morbid Diagnoses Alcoholism –75% for Vietnam Veterans with PTSD Depression –77% of firefighters with PTSD also have depression Generalized Anxiety Panic Attacks