Session 6 Morphology 1 Matakuliah : G0922/Introduction to Linguistics Tahun : 2008 Session 6 Morphology 1

LEARNING OUTCOMES At the end of the meeting, students are able to : Explain the different kinds of morphemes Analyze the words based on the morphemes Give examples of free and bound morphemes, derivational and inflectional morphemes Bina Nusantara University

OUTLINE Morpheme Single Word and complex word Free and Bound Morpheme Derivational and inflectional morpheme Bina Nusantara University

Morpheme Definition E.g. builder consists of 2 morphemes The smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function. E.g. builder consists of 2 morphemes build (to construct) and er (the one who builds) boys consists of 2 morphemes boy (a male child) + s (plural) Bina Nusantara University

Single word and compound word A word consisting of one morpheme E.g. table, chair Compound word A word consisting of more than one morphemes E.g. girls – two morphemes - girl + s hunters – three morphemes – hunt + er + s Bina Nusantara University

Free and bound morphemes Free morpheme Morphemes that can occur freely on their own E.g. boy, book, computer Bound morpheme Morphemes that must be attached to another element. Boy – free morpheme – it can be a single word morpheme. Boys S – bound morpheme - it must be attached to another morpheme – boy in order to become meaningful Bina Nusantara University

Derivational Morphemes Derivational morphemes include : prefixation, suffixation or affixation Prefix or suffix can alter the meaning of words but do not always change the class of the words. Examples : beauty (n) + ful  beautiful (adj) de + limit (v)  delimit (v) The word resulted from the addition of derivational morpheme is called derived word. The hierarchical organization of a word can be represented by a tree diagram Bina Nusantara University

Inflectional Morphemes Inflectional morphemes only occur as suffix Inflectional suffixes never involve a change of class. Inflectional morphology occurs with nouns, pronouns and verbs Inflectional morphemes only have grammatical function Bina Nusantara University

Noun Inflection suffixes Plurality marker - book  books - chair  chairs Possessive marker - John  John’s book - the men  the men’s books Bina Nusantara University

Verb inflection suffixes Third personal present singular marker s Bake – bakes He bakes well Past tense marker –ed They waited Progressive marker –ing They are singing Past participle marker –en and –ed Eat – eaten She has eaten dinner Bake – baked He has baked a cake Bina Nusantara University

Adjective inflection suffixes Comparative markers Short - shorter Long - longer Superlative markers She has the shortest hair Mary’s book is the biggest Bina Nusantara University