Bio 391 What does Organic Mean? Biochemistry http://www.cartoonstock.com/lowres/jfa0663l.jpg; http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/omega-3-000316.htm (fish have omega-3-fatty acids which are good, unsaturated f.a.) Bio 391 What does Organic Mean?

What’s so special about Carbon?? 6 C Carbon 12.011 Atomic Number # of protons (and also # of electrons) Name of Element Chemical symbol Atomic Mass The weight Of carbon atom or average weight of all isotopes How many electrons does carbon have in its outermost shell? What’s so special about Carbon??

Biochemistry Topics 4 major macromolecules of life Structure Function Why are they important? Energy and Reactions Hydrolysis vs. condensation/dehydration synthesis

Why Carbon? Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds Leads to many different molecules forming large chains or rings Linking of carbons can form very large molecules called Macromolecules Each individual unit is called a monomer. When they are linked together they are called a polymer. 4 macromolecules necessary for life: carbohydrates, lipids, protein, nucleic acids Could life be silicon based?

“Elements of Life” Organic = carbon-based molecules Examples: C6H12O6, CH4 Inorganic = molecules without carbon–carbon or carbon–hydrogen bonds Examples: NaCl, NH4, H2SO4 , CO, CO2 Organic is no longer synonymous with life, but it had been in the past. Really it’s just C-C or C-H bonding.

Polymerization Synthesis of organic molecules Small subunits called MONOMERS are joined to form POLYMERS Polymers are MACROMOLECULES Monomers Polymer

MONOMERS POLYMERS Simple or Single Sugars Carbohydrates or Complex Sugars Amino Acids Proteins Fatty Acids and Glycerol Fats or Lipids Nitrogenous Bases Phosphoric Acid 5-Carbon Sugar Nucleic Acids: RNA or DNA

Carbohydrates Fxn: Primary source of Energy Structure: Made of C, H, and O Ratio of C:H:O is 1:2:1 General formula: Cn(H2O)n-1 ie. C12H22O11 n = the # of C’s in the molecule : usually 3 - 7 Rings are usually formed as opposed to the linear structure Small carbs. are water soluble because of -OH groups

GLUCOSE: key to life Energy is stored in the bonds between atoms. This is what our bodies break down when we eat to obtain energy!

Types of Carbohydrates Monomer = Monosaccharide Simple sugars: glucose, galactose, fructose 6-C sugar molecule = “hexose” Disaccharides = 2 sugars linked together Sucrose = glucose + fructose Lactose = glucose + galactose Maltose = glucose + glucose Polymer = Polysaccharide = many monosacc.s joined Longterm energy storage Plants = starch, cellulose Animals = glycogen

ISOMERS Same molecular formula different structural formula Glucose Fructose Galactose What is the molecular formula for each? What are the structural differences?

Polysaccharides in Plants vs. Animals http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/images/547comparestarchcell.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/547cellulose.html&h=357&w=340&sz=5&hl=en&start=1&sig2=nMmoEgXJrdHNVlmszbgnfw&usg=__Bi5Tggfo1TnSbYIzH9RYTGNgm6g=&tbnid=5busxzxbcn8GWM:&tbnh=121&tbnw=115&ei=7WXuSMeeO6Xqedv9mckH&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dcellulose%2Bvs.%2Bstarch%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den : Good site comparing/contrasting starch and cellulose

POLYSACCHARIDES Structural Materials & Energy Storage 1. Plant Cell walls: Cellulose (not digestable) 2. Plant tissue: Starch (yummy!) 3. Arthropod Exoskeleton: Chitin 4. Cell Walls of Fungi: Chitin 5. Cell Walls of Bacteria: Peptidoglycan 6. Animals: Glycogen (liver & muscles) Insulin Glycogen Glucose Glucagon

Recap… What is the main function of a carbohydrate? What is the general name of the monomer for a carbohydrate? What is the most important, specific monomer of carbohydrates? What is an isomer? Give an example.

LIPIDS  Fats, Oils, Waxes Fxn: Long-term energy storage & Cell membrane structure Structure: Made of C, H, O No definite ratios Nonpolar – not soluble in water; hydrophobic Examples: triglycerides - saturated & unsaturated fats, phospholipids, sterols (steroids &cholesterol, hormones and vitamins http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/047cis.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/biol1030.htm&h=384&w=480&sz=4&hl=en&start=16&sig2=iTOTdOScg_9HzRLRTEC0_A&usg=__MStVL6AQwkxGHdTE8ZWgF40rP8U=&tbnid=dK4DqAitQdE_eM:&tbnh=103&tbnw=129&ei=MHbuSMWKO6DMef_rlK4H&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dtrans%2Bfat%2Bmolecule%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D18%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX is a good website for lipids

Lipid Properties MONOMER: 1 glycerol and 1-3 fatty acids POLYMER: Lipid Properties of lipid depends on fatty acids (saturated vs. unsaturated)

Triglyceride Fatty acid Saturated Fatty acid Saturated Fatty acid Unsaturated Glycerol

Saturated vs. Unsaturated All single bonds connect C Solid at room temp Ex: butter, lard “Straight, stackable” Contain double bonds Liquid at room temp Ex: olive oil, corn oil Typically plant-based

What are trans-fats? “Trans” double bonds are not naturally found in biological systems When unsat. fats are “hydrogenated” to become sat. fat (easier to store, ship,use), the H’s can rearrange and ‘straighten out’ the molecule Trans fat is bad (?) b/c it is not recognized by our body’s enzymes (?) http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://biology.clc.uc.edu/graphics/bio104/fatty%2520acid.jpg&imgrefurl=http://joepastry.web.aplus.net/index.php%3Fs%3Dunsaturated&h=259&w=400&sz=22&hl=en&start=17&sig2=57nhLYsQoS0-u38engV3DA&usg=__muULjyKsOaEBzOyUdhwHbPUthJQ=&tbnid=G0jewW-bJPqP6M:&tbnh=80&tbnw=124&ei=MHbuSMWKO6DMef_rlK4H&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dtrans%2Bfat%2Bmolecule%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D18%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX very clever, simple explanation of saturation in fatty acids

Component of cell membrane Two fatty acids + glycerol + phosphate group Amphipathic Polar head: hydrophilic Phosphate group attached to glycerol Non-Polar Tail: Hydrophobic Two fatty acid chains attached to glycerol

Required to build and maintain cell membranes Regulates membrane fluidity May act as an antioxidant Aids in the manufacture of bile Important for the metabolism of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, & K) Synthesis in hormones: cortisol, aldosterone & sex hormones

Recap What are 2 functions of lipids? What atoms are in a lipid? What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fat? What does amphipathic mean? What lipid fits this description?

Proteins Fxn: control reactions (enzymes), regulate cell processes, structure (tissues, bones, muscles), transport & help fight disease Structure: contain N, C, H, O Have an amino group (-NH2) Have a carboxyl group (-COOH) Have an “R” group (“other”) there are 20 different R groups Three major groups: Polar, Ionic, and Nonpolar

20 Possible R groups (red) http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Amino_acids_2.png/483px-Amino_acids_2.png

Proteins MONOMER: amino acid POLYMER: Polypeptide or Protein 2 amino acids are joined by a peptide bond 4 levels of protein structure

Protein Structure Primary structure Secondary structure Amino acids bond forming polypeptide chain Secondary structure Chain folds or twists into specific configuration Stabilized by H bonds (ex: α helices, β pleats) Tertiary Structure More complex folding: globular or spherical Usually b/c of hydrophobicity Quaternary Structure Multiple structures folded together

http://www.science.org.au/sats2004/images/mackay2.jpg

Causes of Denaturation Change in protein conformation/shape Temperature: Increase or decrease will possibly cause bonds to be disrupted. 2. pH Disrupt the pattern of ionic attractions and repulsions that contribute to tertiary structure. Salt Concentration Disrupt the pattern of ionic attractions and repulsions 4. Solvents (liquids that dissolve)

Recap… What is the monomer of a protein? What are the “groups” of the monomer commonly called? i.e. R group, ?, ?

Nucleic Acids Fxn: Store or transmit genetic information Structure: contains H, O, N, C, P Monomer made of three parts: 5-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) Phosphate Nitrogen base (adenine, thymine, uracil, cytosine, guanine) MONOMER: Nucleotide POLYMER: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Nucleotides: Connect with Hydrogen Bonds

Recap… What are the two types of nucleic acids? What are the atoms in a nucleotide? We’ll study nucleic acids more in the future, when we study genetics.

So why do these macromolecules matter to life? Studying Reactions

Chemical Reactions  Process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals Reactant + Reactant = Product + Product Always involve changes in the chemical bonds that join atoms in compounds REARRANGING!

Types of Reactions Hydrolysis Dehydration Synthesis ( or Condensation) Break apart monomers by the addition of water. An H is added to one monomer & an OH is added to the other monomer. Dehydration Synthesis ( or Condensation) Join monomers One monomer loses a H+ and the other loses an OH- Water is removed Covalent bond is formed

Dehydration Synthesis

Energy in reactions Bonds are the storage place of energy in molecules / compounds Break a bond  RELEASE energy Make a bond  REQUIRES energy KNOW THIS!!! FUNDAMENTAL BASIS OF SCIENCE

Energy in Reactions EXERGONIC (E exiting) Chemical reactions that release energy Often spontaneous (occur on their own) But often need a “push” to get started ENDERGONIC (E needing) Chemical reactions that absorb energy Need energy input to occur ACTIVATION ENERGY  the energy needed to get a reaction started. Enzymes (proteins) do this.  The “push”

METABOLISM CATABOLISM DIGESTION EXOTHERMIC RELEASE E BREAK BONDS CELL RESPIRATION Big Molecules Small Molecules METABOLISM ANABOLISM DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS ENDOTHERMIC STORE E MAKE BONDS REDUCTION

Condensation Reaction

Recap… Do Hydrolysis reactions make polymers or monomers? What is a condensation reaction? Discuss the energy dynamics when making or breaking bonds. What’s the difference between endergonic and exergonic?

Are these Organic? Why/why not? Yes!

Match the Elements (Left) with Molecules (Right) Nitrogen Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Phosphorus Sulfur a. Glucose b. Proteins c. Starch d. Fats e. Nucleic acids f. All of the above