MASONRY

Construction of building units like foundations ,walls,columns Construction of building units like foundations ,walls,columns.etc using bricks or stones which are bonded together with mortar. Used for construction of foundations, walls, columns etc.

FUNCTIONS To support floors and roof To divide the space To provide acoustic and thermal insulation To provide shelter from weathering agencies

WALL CLASSIFICATION Load Bearing Wall Carry the load from above (own weight & load from roof) and transfer it to the foundation. Non Load Bearing Wall Carry self-weight only.

Precast Concrete Wall (Load Bearing Wall)

Stone Wall (Load Bearing Wall)

Precast Concrete Wall (Load Bearing Wall)

Masonry Wall

Retaining Wall (Load Bearing Wall)

NON LOAD BEARING WALL a) Hollow Concrete Block b) Hollow Bricks c) Brick Wall

Hollow Brick (Non Load Bearing Wall)

Hollow Concrete Block Wall (Non Load Bearing Wall)

BRICK MASONRY

Header Brick laid with its length perpendicular to the direction of a wall stretcher Brick laid with its length parallel to the direction of a wall

QUEEN CLOSER KING CLOSER BEVELLED BAT BEVELLED CLOSER THREE QUARTER BAT HALF BAT

LAP CLOSER HEADER COURSE PERPEND STRETCHER COURSE QUOIN BED JOINTS

BRICK MASONRY – BOND Stretcher Bond Header bond English Bond Flemish Bond Raking Bond Zigzag bond Garden wall bond Diagonal bond Herring-bone bond English garden wall bond Flemish garden wall bond

Stretcher Bond All bricks laid as stretchers Thickness of wall is half of the full brick length Used for partition walls

Header Bond All bricks are laid as headers towards the face of the wall. Useful for curved brick works.

English Bond Alternative courses of headers and stretchers One of the strongest brickwork bond patterns.

Essential features Alternate courses will show either headers or stretchers in elevation. There is no continuous vertical joint. Alternate headers placed centrally above each stretcher. If the thickness of the walls is an odd multiple of half brick (eg:1.5, 2.5), the same course will present stretchers on one face and headers on the other. For even multiple of half brick, same appearance on both faces.

Flemish Bond Alternate bricks are placed as headers and stretchers in every course. Not as strong as the English bond at 1 brick thick

Essential features In each course, headers and stretchers are alternatively placed in both the facing and backing. The facing and backing have same appearance. Queen closers are placed next to the quoin header. In walls having thickness equal to odd multiples of half bricks, brick bats are used.

Comparison of English bond and Flemish bond English bond is more compact and stronger than double Flemish bond for walls having thickness greater than 1.5 bricks. Double Flemish bond have better appearance in the facing For the construction of Flemish bond , good workmanship and careful supervision is required. DFB is economical as brick bats are utilized.

Raking Bond Diagonal bond Bricks are arranged at 45°

Raking Bond Herring bone bond Bricks arranged at 45° in two opposite directions from the centre of the wall

Zigzag bond Bricks laid in a zigzag way Mainly used for paving brick floors

English Garden Wall Bond An alternative version of English bond with less number of headers Header courses being inserted at every fourth or sixth course.

Flemish Garden Wall Bond one header is placed after every third stretcher

Usual causes for failure of wall are as follows: - Overloading the wall, deflection of beam above the wall will effect the wall below. - Foundation failure - Earthquake - Poor workmanship (improper brickwork)

Brick Wall Crack

Brick Wall Failure At The Roof Level

Cracked Wall

Failure In Brick Wall

Dry Rot On Timber Wall Panelling

Wall Failure Due To Earthquake

Termite Damage To The Timber Wall

STONE MASONRY Materials used Stones Mortar

Classification of stone masonry Rubble masonry Ashlar masonry

Rubble Masonry Un-coursed random rubble masonry Dry rubble masonry

Un-coursed random rubble masonry Roughest and cheapest form of stone masonry Stones of different sizes and shapes are used Vertical joints are staggered Undressed stone blocks are used

Uncoursed random rubble masonry

Coursed random rubble masonry Stone work is brought into courses of thickness varying from 30 to 45 cm All courses are not of same height

Coursed random rubble masonry

Ashlar masonry

Comparison between brick and stone masonry Higher strength, durability and weather resistant Higher crushing strength Used for heavy monumental building works More water tight Needs no pretreatment and plastering Brick Less strength, durability and weather resistant Higher crushing strength than stone Used for light ornamental works of lesser importance Less water tight Should be concealed by plastering

Brick Stone Exposed brick masonry reacts and get disintegrated Bricks can be conveniently moved by manual laber Time and labour involved is less More fire resistant Less skilled labourers are required More frequently used Stone Not damaged by chemicals present in the environment and salt present in the water Complicated lifting appliances are required to handle stone blocks Time required for dressing and handling of stones is more Less fire resistant More skilled labourers are required Less frequently used