1. DARSHAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY CIVIL ENGINERING DEPARTMENT Prepared By: Kalola Ronak 130540106099 Subject : Building Construction BRICK MASONRY

2. CLASSES OF BRICKS FRIST CLASS BRICKS SECOND CLASS BRICKS THIRD CLASS BRICKS

3.  Standard size of modular bricks, i.e. 19x9x9 cm.  Ten layers of bricks laid in mortar will form masonry of 1 mt. height.  Bricks should be manufactured by the good quality of earth which is free from the impurities.  They should be a uniform colour, well-burnt, hard ringing sound emitted when struck with each other.  They have straight edges and even surface.  They are free from cracks, chips, flaws and nodules of lime.  When immersed in water for one hour, they do not absorb water more than one-sixth of their weight, on drying, do not show any efflorance.

4.  SECOND CLASS BRICKS:  They conform to the standard size, but slightly irregular in shape and colour. They are fully burnt and ringing sound emitted when struck. When immersed in water for one hour, they do not absorb water more than one-forth of their weight.  THIRD CLASS BRICKS:  They are quite irregular in their size, shape and finish.  They are not burnt fully, reddish-yelow colour.  They have low crushing strength.  They are not used for good quality of brick masonry.

5. BOND IN BRICK WORK:  Bond in the arrangement of bricks in course, so that the bricks are tied together and the vertical joints of the successive courses do not come in the same vertical line.  The bonds are essential to eliminate continuous vertical joints in the masonry walls, to provide strength and stability to the structure.  RULES FOR BONDING:  For getting good bond, the bricks should be of uniform size and to obtain uniform lap, the length of the bricks should be twise its width plus one joint.  The minimum lap should be of ¼ brick along the length of wall and ½ brick across the thickness of the wall.  The vertical joints in the alternate course should come in the same vertical line.  In alternate course, the header should be placed exactly on the centre of the stretcher, in the course above or below it.  In thick wall, the structure should be placed in the facing, while the hearting is entirely filled with headers to prevent the formation of vertical joints in the body of the wall.  It is preferable to provide header course on both the sides of the wall, at every sixth course.

6. ENGLISH BOND:  The English bond is the strongest bond, commonly used for all wall thickness.  It consists of alternate course of header and stretcher.  The arrangement of bricks is such that the vertical joints in the header course come over each other and the vertical joints in the stretcher course are also come in the same line.  In order to break the vertical joints in the successive course, it is necessary to provide queen closer, after the first header known as quoin header, in each heading course.

7. ESSENTIAL FEATURE:  The alternate course in English bond will show either header or stretcher in elevation.  A header course will start with quoin header and then queen closer is placed to break the vertical joints.  Every alternate header comes centrally above or below the joints between two stretcher.  In stretcher course, the stretcher have a minimum lap of ¼ their length over the header.  The walls having thickness in the multiple of even number of half bricks. Such as 1 brick, 2 bricks thick wall appearance on both sides.  The wall having thickness in the multiple of odd number of half bricks, such as 1 ½ bricks and 2 ½ bricks same course will show stretcher on front face and headers on back face.  In thick walls, the middle or hearting portion will entirely consists of headers only.  Since the number of vertical joints in the header course are twice the number of joints in the stretcher course, the joints in the header course are made thinner than the joints in the stretcher course.

8. FLEMISH BOND:  In this type of bond, each course consists of alternate headers and strechers.  Every alternate course starts with a header at the corner, knowns s quoin header and the queen closers are placed next to the quoin header.  The alternate headers of each course are placed in the centre of the stretchers in the course below.  In walls having thickness equal to add number of half bricks, the bats are used to achieve the bond.  SINGLE FLEMISH BOND:  This type of bond is a combination of English and Flemish bond. The facing of the wall consists of Flemish bond and the backing consists of English bond in each course.  This type of bonding can be adopted for walls having thickness atleast equal to one and half bricks.  This bond is adopted to present the attractive appearance and to ensure full strength in the brick work.

9. DOUBLE FLEMISH BOND:  In double Flemish bond, each course presents the same appearance both in the front and back face.  In each course, the alternate header and stretchers are laid.  This type of bonds are economical and presents better appearance than English bond, it is weaker than the English bond.  It can be constructed in one brick thick wall, having same appearance o both the faces.

10. STRECHING BOND:  in this type of bond, all the bricks are laid as stretcher.  The length of the bricks are thus along the direction of the wall.  This bond is used for half bricks wall only, such as a cavity walls, partition walls.  Since, the header are not used, suitable reinforcement bars are used for providing strength.

11. HEADING BOND:  In this type of bond, all the bricks are laid as header on the faces.  The overlap is kept equal to half the width of the brick, which is obtained b using a three-quarter bat in each alternate course at quoins.  This type of bricks gives better alignment and hence it is used for walls curved in plan.  It is mainly used for footing in foundation for better transverse distribution of load.

12.  GARDEN-WALL BOND:  This type of bond is used for the construction of garden wall or a boundary wall.  This type of bond is not so strong as English bond and used for the construction of walls upto plinth level or for the walls where large stresses does not come.  English garden wall bond  Flemish garden wall bond  ENGLISH GARDEN WALL BOND:  In this type of bond, the general arrangement of bricks is similar to that of English bond, but inspit of using alternate course of headers and strechers. It consists of one course of headers to three course of strechers.  A queen closer is placed next to the quoin header of the heading course to give the necessary lap.  FLEMISH GARDEN WALL BOND:  In this type of bond, each alternate course consists of one header and three to five strechers in series throught the length of the course.  Each alternate course contains a three-quarter bat placed next to the quoin header and a header is laid over the middle of each central stretcher.

14.  RAKING BOND:  This type of bond is used in thick walls and the bonding-bricks are laid at an inclination to the direction of the wall. This arrangement helps to increase the longitudinal stability of thick walls built in English bond.  Herring-bone bond  Diagonal bond  HERRING-BONE BOND:  This type of bond suitable for thick walls, usually not less than four bricks thick.  In this bond, the bricks are laid in courses inclined at 45° in two direction from the centre.  The bond is commonly used for brick paving.  DIAGONAL BOND:  This bond is best suited for walls, which are 2 to 4 brick-thick.  This bond is usually introduced at every fifth or seventh course along the height of the wall.  In this bond, the bricks are placed end to end in such a way that extreme corners of the series remain in contact with the strechers.

16.  DUTCH BOND:  This bond is modified form of English bond.  It consists of alternate course of headers and strechers.  In this bond, each stretching course starts with a three-quarter bat as quoin and a header is placed after the quoin.

17.  ENGLISH CROSS-BOND:  This bond is similar to English bond.  It consists of alternate course of headers and stretchers.  In this bond,queen closers are provided next to quoin-headers, in each header course.  In each alternate stretching course a header is placed next to quoin stretcher.  This bond is sufficiently strong and bears good elevation.

18.  ZIG-ZAG BOND:  This bond is similar to herring-bond, except that the bricks are laid in zig - zag fashion.  This bond is commonly used for bricks paved floorings.

19.  DEFECTS IN BRICK MASONRY:  SULPHATE ATTACK:  The sulphate salts in brick work may react with alumna content of cement or with lime in the lime mortar, which may cause considerable increase in the volume of mortar, resulting in chipping and spalling of bricks, cracks in joints and rendering.  This defects occurs, where the brickwork is exposed like boundary walls, parapets etc.  CRYSTALLIZATION OF SALTS FROM BRICKS:  When the bricks containing excessive soluble salts, come in contact with water, the soluble salts get dissolved and whitish crystals appears on the surface of brick work, it is also called efflorances.  Efflorance problem can be solved by brushing and washing the effects surface repeatedly.

20.  CORROSION OF EMBEDDED IRON OR STEEL FIXTURES:  The iron or steel fixtures embedded in brick masonry gets corroded due to dampness. Due to this corrosion, the metal expands in volume and tends to cracks the brickwork.  This defect can be solved by encasing the reinforcement or iron fixtures in cement mortar.  SHRINKAGE ON DRYING:  The brick work normally swells with the absorption of water and then it shrinks, when the water evaporates which and then it shrinks when the water evaporates which developes the cracks in the masonry joints.  This defect can be solved by using good quality bricks and by protecting masonry from moisture penetration.

21.  THICKNESS OF A BRICK WALL:  Super imposed load per unit length of the wall.  Overall height of the wall.  Height of the wall between two floors.  Strength of brick masonry, which depends upon the quality of bricks,quality of mortar and method of bonding.

22.  GENERAL PRINCIPLES FOR BRICK MASONRY:  The bricks used should be sound, hard and well burnt with uniform size and shape.  The bricks should be thoroughly soaked in clear water before use for suitable period.  The bricks should be laid on a full bed of mortar and pressed slightly into the bed mortar to ensure proper adhesion.  All the joints should be properly flushed and filled with mortar, so that no cavity is left in between.  In case of walls having thickness of two bricks or more the joints should be filled at every course in addition to bedding and flushing with mortar.  The brick bats should not be used in the work except when it is absolutely necessary for getting the specified bond.  Brick work is generally done in English bond and the proper bond should be maintain throughout the work.  A good quality specified mortar should be used in the work with uniform mortar joint through out the work and the thickness of joint should not exceed 13 mm.  the plastering should be done after about 28 days of completion of masonry, which permits adequate shrinkage in masonry and concrete.  The half brick partition wall should be reinforced with suitable reinforcement bars placed at every fourth course of bricks work.  The brick work should be kept wet for at least 7 to 14 days.