1. Building Construction
Part Four
Walls & Partitions 3

2. Walls & Partitions 1. Openings in solid walls
Openings are essential functionally (For access), environmentally (Physically and psychologically), and aesthetically, as they are the second most important effective element in the design of buildings after the building mass and form.

3. Walls & Partitions 1. Openings in solid walls
1.2.There are some considerations to be taken into account in the deign of openings :
a. Environmental.
b. Structural.
c. Economical.

4. Walls & Partitions 1. Openings in solid walls
In terms of environment (Lighting and ventilation), area of windows, their heights, the fix and open parts of the window, way and direction of openings, should be proportional to the space volume, its depth, and ceiling height.

5. Walls & Partitions 1. Openings in solid walls
Doors openings dimensions should be enough to allow the entrance of furniture, other equipments, and people.
Structurally, opening width should be proportional with the jambs width, as the more the opening width the more the vertical loads on the side jambs . So jambs should be strong specially when there are groups of adjacent windows.

6. Walls & Partitions 1. Openings in solid walls
To avoid any distortion and disordering in the top and bottom of the openings and avoid bricks cutting,( which causes west of time and money), opening height should be related to the bricks courses height in the wall. (Figure p 57)

7. Walls & Partitions 1. Openings in solid walls
Course Height Duplications
unit duplication
Unit duplication+1cm

8. Head
soffitt
Jamb
Terminologies

9. Bricks & Blocks bonds
The creative use of brick bonding in architecture, with or without contrasting or complementary brick colours, can have a dramatic effect on the appearance of a building. In recent times stretcher bonds has predominated, mainly because of the speed with which it can be laid in cavity wall construction. There are, however, other traditional methods which can be used to enrich large areas of brickwork, although extra cutting is needed.

10. Bricks & Blocks bonds Stretcher Bond
Stretcher bond is the commonest bond used today and the least interesting in appearance. It can be made more interesting by laying a course of different coloured bricks or to lay such bricks to form a pattern on a wall.

11. Bricks & Blocks bonds
Stretcher Bond

12. Bricks & Blocks bonds Stretcher Bond
Originally used for single brick walls, now called 1/2 brick walls it became the obvious choice for cavity walls as less cutting was required.

13. Bricks & Blocks bonds Stretcher Bond
Stretcher Bond Walls with Piers (دعامة)
Walls build using the traditional stretcher bond are just a half brick wide and as such are relatively unstable and generally if they are higher than about 40 cm (5 courses), piers are required to strengthen them.
As with any wall built of brick, no two adjacent vertical joints should be in line.
For piers at the ends of a wall, the first (and alternate) course should have two full bricks placed at right-angles to the run of the wall. The second (and alternate) course should use two 3/4 bats (coloured red) in the face of the wall and a full brick behind.
For piers in the run of the wall, the first (and alternate) course needs a 'Queen Closer' (coloured blue) in the face of the all with two 3/4 bats behind. The second (and alternate) course uses full bricks in the face and a full brick behind.
The piers can be strengthened by embedding a piece of mat reinforcement into the mortar of alternate courses.
Bricks and Bats
                                                                                                         

15. Bricks & Blocks bonds Flemish Bond
Alternate bricks are placed as header and stretcher in every course. Each header is placed centrally between the stretcher immediately above and below. This is not as strong as the English bond at 1 brick thick

16. Bricks & Blocks bonds Flemish Bond
Flemish bond consists of alternating headers and stretchers along each course with the headers centred on the stretchers above and below.

17. Bricks & Blocks bonds
English Bond
English bond consists of alternating courses of headers and stretchers, with the alternative headers centred over and under the vertical joints of the stretchers.
English Bond
Alternative courses of headers and stretchers; one header placed centrally above each stretcher. This is a very strong bond when the wall is 1 brick thick (or thicker)

18. Raking Bonds Herringbone and diagonal bonds can be effective within an exposed framed construction, or contained within restraining brick courses.

19. American common bond
American common bond is similar to the English Bond but the courses of headers are separated by approximately five courses of stretchers.

25. Quantities of Bricks
One square metre of brickwork, a half brick thick, requires the following number of bricks: English bond 86 Flemish Garden Wall bond 67 Flemish bond 77 Stretcher bond 60 English Garden Wall bond 72

26. Quantities of Bricks
Figures are assuming one header per brick. English and Flemish bonds are attractive for dwarf and retaining walls where only one good face is required. Stretcher bond is the most economical of all. To create a wall which is fair-faced on both sides, two stretcher walls are built side by side with a continuous mortar joint between them, the two walls being bonded together with ties (these are also called collar jointed walls). Snap headers are a simple way of adding variety

27. Pointing and Repointing
Great British Repointing - some background and terms
POINTING is the mortar between bricks. A more accurate definition is that it is the visible edge of the mortar-joint. The mortar is normally a mix of lime and sand, or from the 1920s cement and sand. A colouring is sometimes added. Black mortar uses crushed ash rather than sand. In Georgian, Victorian and Edwardian houses, the pointing between bricks and stone had a major effect on the appearance of the buildings. The emphasis was always supposed to be on the brickwork, rather than the pointing. The ideal was no visible mortar. This could be achieved by: •using high quality engineering bricks •'rubbed' brickwork, where the bricks were rubbed together until they fitted closely together, leaving a joint of 2-3mm •'tuck' pointing, where a line of white, putty mortar was 'tucked' into a slot cut in stained mortar •stained mortar to hide the pointing Most houses used, at best, the last of these, with flush or slightly recessed pointing. Styles of pointing included flush, tuck, bucket handle and recessed pointing. Weatherstruck pointing was never used. 

28. Most houses used, at best, the last of these, with flush or slightly recessed pointing. Styles of pointing included flush, tuck, bucket handle and recessed pointing. Weatherstruck pointing was never used. 

30. Example of tuck pointing
Example of tuck pointing. You can see how the bricks are pointed with a stained mortar and then a line of putty mortar set in. The white putty is a mix of silver sand and lime

31. white putty in white bricks and mortar
black putty in white bricks and mortar
Right photo - In some areas, the putty line is laid over the surface of the bricks. In most cases tuck pointing was used to disguise poor quality, chipped and irregular bricks. This is why the line is on the surface - to suggest regular-sized bricks. Left photo - example of new tuck pointing. The stopping was 'wiped' over the bedding mortar while it was still 'green'.

34. FACTS AND FIGURES (Conclusions)
Brick Bonds
The best way to ensure that you use the correct pattern of brickwork on model buildings is to observe a real example however the patterns shown below represent the basic patterns and their uses.

35. FACTS AND FIGURES
Stretcher Bond is the simplest form of bonding, used for single-thickness walls, including the two individual leaves of a cavity wall (which are strengthened by being connected together with metal tie wires) found in the construction on modern buildings. Stretcher bond also gets used for garden walls however strengthening piers are required at regular intervals and, in the case of boundary walls, it is a standard requirement that these are on the inside of the wall i.e. on the side of the wall owner's property.

36. Flemish Bond produces a wall of double thickness and is most commonly used on solid construction houses dating from before 1900.? This bond is often built with the headers in contrasting colours to give the classic diamond patterns (known as diaper patterns).

37. English Bond is favoured when a wall of double or greater thickness is required and is usually found on large industrial structures and Victorian railway structures.
This article is copyright (C) Andy Slater and is used here with permission

38. . Types (shapes) of CMU Block:
Stretcher block
Header block
Corner block
Control joint block
Bond beam block
Split-face block
Split-ribbed block
Many, many more…

40. (advantages) of masonary buildings
Durable - These buildings will endure the test of time.
Self contained – masonary building materials can act as the structure, walls, foundation and other components of the building.
Fire resistant - Suitable for the most stringent fire ratings.
Local Labor - Practically any contractor is capable of building with
Attractive - Huge variety of available textures, patterns, etc.
Low maintenance - Build it and forget about it.

41. Possible disadvantages of CMU buildings:
Heavy - Masonry buildings weigh more than comparable steel-framed and wood-framed buildings.
Absorbent – brick & blook , like any other cementitious material is absorbent to water penetration and must be weather-proofed.
Modular - Typical bricks has modular nominal dimensions, and is a bit difficult to have walls that have odd dimensions or smooth curves.
Difficult to insulate - Block has a very low "R" value and generally, walls must be insulated by adding width to them - decreasing available floor square footage.

42. Vertical Wall Reinforcement

43. Vertical Wall Reinforcement
Purpose - Greatly strengthen the wall to accommodate larger vertical loads as well as resist lateral loads.
Vertical wall reinforcement consists of inserting steel rebar into open cores of the wall, then filling those cores solid with a concrete-like grout.

44. Horizontal (Joint) Wall Reinforcement

45. Horizontal (Joint) Wall Reinforcement
Purposes:To strengthen the wall against "bowing" in due to lateral pressure (earth, wind, seismic)
To make the wall more ductile (i.e., less brittle) and hold it together in extreme events such as earthquake or hurricane.