Weekend Cabin Retreat Project Wall and Ceiling Construction

Name: Weekend Cabin Retreat Project Wall and Ceiling Construction
Uploaded: 2017-07-26T14:28:43+00:00
Duration: PTM28S41
Channel: Suzanna Hancock
Description: Weekend Cabin Retreat Project Wall and Ceiling Construction

Weekend Cabin Retreat Project Wall and Ceiling Construction
Sacramento City College EDT 300 Kenneth Fitzpatrick, P.E. EDT Wall and Ceiling Construction

EDT 300 - Wall and Ceiling Construction
Objectives Name the members of a typical frame wall. Explain methods of frame wall construction. Interpret information shown on a ceiling joist span data chart. Sketch the various types of exterior walls used in residential construction. EDT Wall and Ceiling Construction

Residential Construction
Residential wall construction is usually one of three types: Frame Masonry Combination frame and masonry. EDT Wall and Ceiling Construction

Residential Construction
The wall panels may be Constructed on site or Prefabricated at another location and transported to the site. The trend is toward more prefabrication and less on-site construction. EDT Wall and Ceiling Construction

Frame Wall Construction
Various framing members used in conventional construction. Sole plate Bottom of wall. 2 x 4 on side. Top plates Top of wall. 2 x 4 on side. Studs Sides of wall. 2 x 4 on end. Headers Span openings in walls. 4 x 10; 4 x 12. Etc. Bracing. Strengthens wall corners. EDT Wall and Ceiling Construction

EDT Wall and Ceiling Construction

Plates and studs 2 x 4 inch lumber. Headers or linters 4 x 6; 4 x 8; 4 x 10; 4 x 12 Bracing 1 x 4 stock Metal strap Plywood sheathing. EDT Wall and Ceiling Construction

Wall framing lumber must have Good stiffness Nail-holding properties Free from warp Easy to work. Species that meet these criteria: Douglas fir Southern Yellow Pine Hemlock Spruce, and Larch. EDT Wall and Ceiling Construction

The most common lumber grade used is #2 grade or its equivalent. Moisture content should be between 15 and 19 percent. EDT Wall and Ceiling Construction

Usually begins with the sole plate. The spacing of the studs is marked off on the sole plate The wall is built on top of the sub-floor. The sub-floor provides a large, flat work surface. EDT Wall and Ceiling Construction

Exterior frame walls can be Flush with the outside of the foundation wall or Moved 1/2" to 3/4" inside the foundation wall to allow for the thickness of sheathing, weatherboard, or rigid foam insulation. EDT Wall and Ceiling Construction

The sole plate Acts as an anchor for the wall panels Is a nailer for interior and exterior wall sheathing. A nailer Is a structural member (like a 2 x 4) that is used to support the drywall (gypsum board). EDT Wall and Ceiling Construction

A wall panel, when built on-site May be very large if sufficient people and equipment are available to raise the wall. Is usually built in smaller sections. EDT Wall and Ceiling Construction

Wall studs Are cut to length (usually 7'-9" when 1-1/2" material is used) Are nailed to the sole and top plate. A second plate is added after the wall is in place. EDT Wall and Ceiling Construction

The distance from the top of the subfloor to the bottom of the ceiling joists is usually 8'-1 1/2". This distance provides a finished wall height of 8'-O". EDT Wall and Ceiling Construction

Openings for doors and windows are framed before the wall is moved to the vertical position. The door and window opening must be framed with headers, to span the opening. EDT Wall and Ceiling Construction

Two methods are used in constructing headers Solid blocking. Cripple construction. EDT Wall and Ceiling Construction

Solid blocking header The header size is increased. The header completely fills the space from the top of the rough opening to the top plate. EDT Wall and Ceiling Construction

Solid blocking header construction Various methods are used 1. Two 2 x 12 pieces of lumber are nailed together with a piece of 1/2" plywood between them to form a 3 1/2" thick header. This method reduces construction time, but increases shrinkage. 2. Solid 4 x 6, 4 x 8, 4 x 10 wood members may also be used. Trend is to use solid members. Faster, saves construction labor costs. EDT Wall and Ceiling Construction

Header Construction - Cripple and Trimmer Older method. Uses cripple studs and trimmers firmly nailed to the sole and top plates. Cripples are studs that are not full length due to a wall opening. Trimmers are studs that support the header over an opening in the wall. EDT Wall and Ceiling Construction

Corner bracing is required by most codes. Two methods of bracing are used. Diagonal corner braces Plywood sheathing EDT Wall and Ceiling Construction

Diagonal corner braces Use 1 x 4 inch wood material or Metal straps Installed from the top corner of the wall down to the sole plate. EDT Wall and Ceiling Construction

Plywood Sheathing Bracing A sheet of 1/2" plywood Nailed to the studs at each corner EDT Wall and Ceiling Construction

Typical methods of framing used to form exterior wall corners EDT Wall and Ceiling Construction

The corner must provide A nailing edge for the interior wall material Drywall (gypsum board). Adequate support for the structure. EDT Wall and Ceiling Construction

Interior frame walls are constructed the same way as exterior walls. Sole plates. Bottom of wall One 2 x 4 member on side. Studs 2 x 4 wall members Double top plates. Top of wall Two 2 x 4 members on side. EDT Wall and Ceiling Construction

Interior walls Must be securely fastened to the exterior walls that they intersect. A nailing edge must be provided for the plaster base, drywall, or paneling. Use a 2 x 6 secured to cross blocking. Double the exterior wall studs at the intersection of the partition. The same arrangement is used at the intersection of all interior walls. EDT Wall and Ceiling Construction

Exterior Walls EDT Wall and Ceiling Construction

Interior Walls EDT Wall and Ceiling Construction

Rough openings for windows and doors Are dimensioned to the center of the opening when located in a frame wall. Specific dimensions of doors and windows are usually provided by the window and door schedule. The width is listed first and The height is listed second. EDT Wall and Ceiling Construction

The rough opening height of most doors is 6'-10". Tops of all windows are usually the same distance above the floor as doors. EDT Wall and Ceiling Construction

Each wall opening requires a header above the opening. The header supports the weight above. The length of the header will be equal to The width of the rough opening + The thickness of two trimmers. EDT Wall and Ceiling Construction

The exterior and interior walls are Erected Plumbed (straightened for level) Braced Top plates are added. Ceiling joists are then put in place. Ceiling joists are usually positioned across the width of the house and in the same direction as the rafters. EDT Wall and Ceiling Construction

The size of ceiling joists required will depend on: The load to be supported. Span distance. Wood specie. Spacing of joists. Grade of lumber used. EDT Wall and Ceiling Construction

Ceiling construction is similar to floor construction. The main differences A header is not required around the perimeter Smaller lumber is used. (smaller loads). EDT Wall and Ceiling Construction

Long ceiling joist spans may require a bearing wall partition or beam. If a beam is used, it may be located below the joists or placed flush with them using ledger strips. EDT Wall and Ceiling Construction

The upper corner of the ceiling joists often interferes with the roof slope. To prevent this interference, the corner is usually cut to match the slope. EDT Wall and Ceiling Construction

Roof trusses are being used in residential construction to a much greater extent. This approach eliminates the traditional ceiling joist and rafter. EDT Wall and Ceiling Construction

Framing Considerations
An access hole must be provided in the ceiling (usually in closet) to afford entry to the attic. The size of this opening may be as small as 2 feet square. Framing around the opening is the same as for openings in the floor. Double headers are used for large holes (for example, when installing a disappearing stairway) but are usually not required for minimum size openings. EDT Wall and Ceiling Construction

Several areas in the house that require special framing. Openings for heating ducts. Wall backing for various fixtures. Extra support for the bathtub. EDT Wall and Ceiling Construction

Framing for a bay window presents special problems. For a bay window, the floor joists extend beyond the wall to provide support for the unit. If the bay window is to be set at right angles to the joists, then cantilevered joists should be used. EDT Wall and Ceiling Construction

Masonry Wall Construction

A masonry wall is constructed entirely of brick, concrete block, stone, clay tile, terra cotta, or a combination of these materials. EDT Wall and Ceiling Construction

Walls that require more than one thickness of masonry must be bonded together. They may be bonded by using: a header course every 16" vertically corrugated metal wall ties in the mortar joints. Metal wall ties should be placed no more than 16" apart vertically and 32" horizontally. EDT Wall and Ceiling Construction

Solid masonry walls for residential construction are usually 8" thick. Concrete block walls (cavity walls) are popular in many sections of the country. Block walls are relatively inexpensive to construct and a variety of textures and designs are possible. EDT Wall and Ceiling Construction

One disadvantage of a solid masonry wall is that furring strips (usually 2" x 2" or 1 " x 3") are required on the inside of the wall if dry wall, plaster, or paneling is used. Insulation may be added. EDT Wall and Ceiling Construction

Solid brick and stone walls have been used extensively in years past, but because of the cost of construction they are diminishing in importance for residential purposes. The same exterior effect may e obtained with a brick or stone veneer on frame construction and the wall will be better insulated, less expensive to construct and present fewer construction problems. EDT Wall and Ceiling Construction

Floor joists are placed directly into openings in solid brick and stone walls. Each joist is cut at an angle on the end to prevent toppling the wall if the house should catch fire. The cut is known as a firecut. EDT Wall and Ceiling Construction

Stonework involves artistry on the part of the mason due to the various size and texture of the material ordinarily used. EDT Wall and Ceiling Construction

Stonework is commonly referred to as ashlar or rubble. Ashlar stonework uses dressed, cut, or squared stones. Each stone is a specific size and fits in an exact place in the pattern EDT Wall and Ceiling Construction

Rubble stonework is made up of irregular shaped stones. If the stones are basically flat, the result may look like courses of stone, then the term coursed rubble is applied. EDT Wall and Ceiling Construction

Another type of rubble stonework is called uncoursed cobweb or polygonal rubble. These stones are dressed with relatively straight edges and are selected to fit a particular place. EDT Wall and Ceiling Construction

Masonry veneer is usually placed one inch away from the frame wall to: provide a dead air space for insulation provide a means of escape for moisture which condenses on the inside of the masonry. EDT Wall and Ceiling Construction

The term veneer is commonly used to indicate that a less expensive or desirable material has been covered up with some type of facing material. The facing is usually 4" thick (but may range from approximately 1 " to 6"). The veneer does not help support the weight of the building. EDT Wall and Ceiling Construction

Flashing and termite shields should be used at the base of solid masonry or brick veneer walls. Flashing prevents moisture from entering the structure. Termites are a threat in a large part of the country and cause millions of dollars in damage to homes each year. EDT Wall and Ceiling Construction

If a solid masonry wall is used, the top plate must be anchored securely to the wall. Anchor bolts are placed between the bricks and bolt the plate in place. A lintel block is used in concrete block construction and anchor bolts are cast in place. The plate is then secured by the use of bolts. EDT Wall and Ceiling Construction

Brick Names and Sizes Brick is a fired clay product. The color is ordinarily determined by the natural color of the clay, but sometimes earth colors are added to produce a wider variety. Brick may be purchased in single colors or in a mixture to produce a blend. EDT Wall and Ceiling Construction

Brick Names and Sizes There are two basic types of brick used for wall construction; common brick and face brick. Face brick is usually uniform in size and has sharp corners and lines. Common brick is not as uniform in size and color and may have a lip on one or more edges. EDT Wall and Ceiling Construction

Brick Names and Sizes In recent years, common brick has been used more widely as a facing material. They produce a rustic character which is quite different from the face brick. The texture is much more distinct. They look especially good with a deep rake joint which accents the individual character of each brick. EDT Wall and Ceiling Construction

Brick Names and Sizes The names of brick shapes are well established, but sizes are not standardized. EDT Wall and Ceiling Construction

Brick Names and Sizes Specific terms apply to the position or way the brick is laid. Note that the term "stretcher” "header," etc. applies to the position of the brick in the wall and not the type or size of the brick. EDT Wall and Ceiling Construction

Brick Names and Sizes Numerous types of mortar joints are used in brickwork. Masons have tools designed specifically for making the joints. EDT Wall and Ceiling Construction

Brick Names and Sizes Some brick bonds are recognized standards. The running bond is used extensively in brick veneer construction. The common bond is popular for solid masonry walls. EDT Wall and Ceiling Construction

Weekend Cabin Retreat Project Wall and Ceiling Construction

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