1. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
VADODARA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
Guided By
Prof. Indu Mishra

2. Hollow concrete block and construction Cavity walls Lintels and arches
2nd year
3rd semester Civil Engineering
Parekh Mihir
Patel Ashish
Patel Bhargav N
Patel Bhargav P
Patel Divyesh

3. Content Hollow Concrete Blocks And its construction Brick cavity walls
Position of cavity at foundation, roof and at opening.
Lintels and arches
Lintel types
Arches-technical terms
Bricks arches
Rough arches
Axed arches
Stone arches
Flat semi-circular arches

4. Hollow Concrete Blocks

5. Definitions of terms associated with concrete masonry units
A. Masonry Units: Blocks made from concrete, cinders, or other aggregates.
B. Laying Block: The process of mixing mortar, applying it to masonry block, and placing the block to create walls.
C. Mortar Bed: A layer of mortar.
D. Core: The hollow space in a masonry block.
E. Corner Pole: A straight piece of wood or metal held plumb by diagonal supports.
F. Course: A row of masonry units.
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6. G. Brick Set: Wide chisel used for breaking masonry units.
H. Hollow Core Block: Masonry block with two or three holes per block.
I. Masonry: Anything constructed of brick, stone, tile, or concrete unit held in place with Portland concrete.
J. Lintels: Steel reinforced- concrete beams used for support over windows and doors.
K. Mortar Board: Board used to hold mortar.
L. Concrete Sills: Used under windows and doors.
M. Footer or Footing: A continuous slab of concrete which provides a solid, level foundation for block or brick

7. Types of Blocks A. Stretcher: Used in straight wall sections.
B. Corner: One flat end to create attractive walls at corners.
C. Sash: Has special grooves, can be laid to receive window.
D. Jamb: Use to make door ways so the openings are attractive and secure.
E. Half: Used to prevent cutting of blocks when only half a block is needed.
F. L-Block: Used as top course of block on a poured floor.

8. Procedure for laying blocks
A. Spread a layer of mortar called a mortar bed as the footer.
B. Position the block on the mortar bed so that its outside corner rests where the outside corner of the wall should be. Level the block by first placing the level across the block and then lengthwise along the block.
Turn several stretcher blocks on end and apply mortar to the ears with a wiping or swiping stroke of the trowel.
Lay several stretcher blocks in place by working away from the end or corner block.
E. Use the end of the trowel handle to tap the block until each block is plumb, level, and the course is straight.
F. Apply a mortar bed on top of the first course in preparation for the second course.
G. If extra strength is needed in the wall, install reinforcement in the mortar bed.
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9. Procedure for laying blocks
H. As the block laying progresses, cut off excess mortar with the trowel. I. Use a line to keep the courses straight. The line is positioned to be level along the top of the block. J. When a block must be cut, use a mason=s hammer and make multiple strikes along the line to cut; then make one sharp strike on the web. K. Check the height to be sure each new course is an additional 8 inches high. L. After the mortar dries and hardens slightly, finish the joints by rubbing it with a broken piece of block. M. If a joint other than a flush joint is desired, use a jointer to compress the mortar and create a watertight joint. Tools are available to create joints that are concave, v-shape, flush or raked.

10. Common concrete blocks used in building construction

11. Arches

12. Lintels And Arches

13. LINTELS
It is a simple architrave, where a horizontal member is supported by two vertical posts at either end.
Can be found in: doorways, windows and the framework of many buildings.
It supports a large amount of weight

14. Designed primarily to hold weight, such as a roof or deck, depending on the vertical posts it rests on.
It can support a huge amount of weight, and is effective for reinforcing tall buildings or heavy structures.
The post supports the lintel and its loads without crushing or buckling, so it refers to the vertical support.

15. Types of Lintels Timber lintels Stone lintels Brick lintels
Reinforced Brick lintels
Steel lintels
R.C.C. lintels

16. Technical term of Arches
Abutment: The masonry or combination of masonry and other structural members which support one end of the arch at the skewback.
Crown: The apex of the arch's extrados. In symmetrical arches, the crown is at the mid pan.
Depth: The dimension of the arch at the skewback which is perpendicular to the arch axis, except that the depth of a jack arch is taken to be the vertical dimension of the arch at the springing.

17. Extrados: The curve which bounds the upper edge of the arch.
Intrados: The curve which bounds the lower edge of the arch. The distinction between soffit and intrados is that the intrados is a line, while the soffit is a surface.
Keystone: The voussoir located at the crown of the arch. Also called the key.
Label Course: A ring of projecting brickwork that forms the extrados of the arch.

18. Rise: The maximum height of the arch soffit above the level of its spring line.
Skewback: The surface on which the arch joins the supporting abutment.
Skewback Angle: The angle made by the skewback from horizontal.
Soffit: The surface of an arch or vault at the intrados.