Ch. 5, “Crisis in the Colonies” 1745-1775

European Rivals in North America FRENCH TERRITORY NEW SPAIN 13 COLONIES Ohio River Valley FLORIDA (owned by Spain)

Conflict in the Ohio Valley France was determined to stop the English from expanding westward Native Americans chose sides French – built strong alliances with Hurons and Algonquins English – allied with the Iroquois by playing on tribal rivalries and offering trade goods at low prices.

1754 – French & Indian War Begins Washington led 150 men against 700 at Ft. Duquesne (Ft. Necessity) He was only 22 years old! Had to surrender, was eventually released

Fort Duquesne

Fort Necessity

Albany Congress Ben Franklin’s Albany Plan of Union His plan was rejected www.michaeldeas.com/

1757 1755 1759 1763 General Pitt turns the tide, captures Ft. Duquesne, changed name to “Pittsburgh” String of British Defeats under British General Braddock – Take off those red uniforms!!! 1755 1759 British practice rock climbing at the Battle of Quebec 1763 Treaty of Paris ends war

Death of Wolfe by Benjamin West

Turmoil over taxation

Pontiac’s War Pontiac, an Ottowa chief who had fought for the French, led an attack on British troops at Fort Detroit Thought French would come to their aid Sorry….the war’s over…! Resulted in the Proclamation of 1763

10,000 British Soldiers to the Rescue! King George III sent troops to enforce his proclamation Most didn’t care for the backcountry so they hung out in the cities Stationing British troops in the colonies proves to be very costly

The French & Indian war plunged Britain deeply into debt. Turmoil over Taxation The French & Indian war plunged Britain deeply into debt. Prime Minister George Grenville figured that the colonies should have to share the burden of taxes.

Taxes, Taxes Sugar Act – tax on molasses actually lowered the existing tax but was enforceable Stamp Act – tax on legal documents 9 Colonies signed a petition saying that Parliament had no right to tax the colonies. American’s boycotted British goods so the Stamp Act was repealed Townshend Acts – new taxes on certain goods

Issue? No taxation without representation The colonies had no representation in Parliament and therefore had no voice

Colonial Protests Grow Writ of Assistance (right to search a ship without reason) Sons of Liberty hang tax collectors in effigy Daughters of Liberty started a boycott of British cloth http://www.ushistory.org/declaration/related/sons.htm

Samuel Adams Organized rallies, stirred up public support Started a letter writing campaign called the “committee of correspondence”

John Adams Schoolteacher then lawyer Knowledge of British law made people respect him

Abigail Adams The wife of John Adams, the first Vice President, and second President, of the United States, and the mother of John Quincy Adams, the sixth President of the United States. She was the first Second Lady of the United States and second First Lady of the United States. Her letters provide an eyewitness account of the American Revolution.

Mercy Otis Warren Wrote plays making fun of the British officials

Boston Massacre

Temporary Calm British merchants harmed by the colonies’ boycott pressured Parliament to end the taxes. “There must always be one tax to keep up the right [to tax]” – King George

Boston Tea Party (1773)

Reaction – Intolerable Acts (1774) Boston harbor was shut down until colonists paid for the tea Massachusetts colonists were forbidden to hold meetings more than once a year Customs officials and officers had to be tried in England Colonists would have to house officers in their own homes.

Quebec Act Set up a government for Canada Gave complete freedom to French Catholics Extended borders of Quebec to include some of the Ohio River Valley Angered the colonists even more

First Continental Congress (1774) 12 colonies represented Agreed to boycott all British goods until Intolerable Acts were repealed Set up militia

Lexington and Concord (April 18, 1775) British marched to seize the colonists stash of weapons and gunpowder Paul Revere’s ride “The Shot heard round the world”

Old North Church, Boston “one if by land, two if by sea….”