Solid Waste Management Department of Geology and Environment science at Islamic University of Gaza (IUG) - represent- -March Presented by Prof. Dr. Samir Afifi

1/34 2- Waste Characterization 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Waste Generation Rates 2.3 Waste Composition 2.4 Waste Trends

2/34 2- Waste Characterization Main elements of waste characterization: Waste sources and types Waste generation rate Waste composition

3/34 2- Waste Characterization Important of waste characterization: It is necessary to monitor and control existing waste management systems and to make regulatory, financial, and institutional decisions.

4/34 2- Waste Characterization 2.1 Waste sources and types There are eight major classifications of solid waste generators based on waste source: Residential, Industrial, Commercial, Institutional, construction and Demolition, Municipal services, Process, and Agricultural.

5/34 2- Waste Characterization Types of solid wastesTypical waste generators Source Food wastes, paper, cardboard, plastics, textiles, leather, yard wastes, wood, glass, metals, ashes, special wastes (e.g., bulky items, consumer electronics, white goods, batteries, oil, tires), and household hazardous wastes Single and multifamily dwellings Residential Housekeeping wastes, packaging, food wastes, construction and demolition materials, hazardous wastes, ashes, special wastes Light and heavy manufacturing, fabrication, construction sites, power and chemical plants Industrial Table 1: Sources and Types of Solid Wastes All of the above should be included as “municipal solid waste.”

6/34 2- Waste Characterization Types of solid wastesTypical waste generators Source Paper, cardboard, plastics, wood, food wastes, glass, metals, special wastes, hazardous wastes Stores, hotels, restaurants, markets, office buildings, etc. Commercial Same as commercialSchools, hospitals, prisons, government centers Institutional Wood, steel, concrete, dirt, etc.New construction sites, road repair, renovation sites, demolition of buildings Construction and Demolition Continue Table 1: Sources and Types of Solid Wastes All of the above should be included as “municipal solid waste.”

7/34 2- Waste Characterization Types of solid wastesTypical waste generators Source Street sweepings; landscape and tree trimmings; general wastes from parks, beaches, and other recreational areas; sludge Street cleaning, landscaping, parks, beaches, other recreational areas, water and wastewater treatment plants Municipal services Industrial process wastes, scrap materials, off-specification products, slag, tailings Heavy and light manufacturing, refineries, chemical plants, power plants, mineral extraction and processing Process Continue Table 1: Sources and Types of Solid Wastes All of the above should be included as “municipal solid waste.”

8/34 2- Waste Characterization Spoiled food wastes, agricultural wastes, hazardous wastes (e.g., pesticides) Crops, orchards, vineyards, dairies, feedlots, farms Agriculture Continue Table 1: Sources and Types of Solid Wastes

9/34 2- Waste Characterization MSW includes: Residential, commercial, industrial, institutional, construction, demolition, process, and municipal services.

10/34 2- Waste Characterization Some sources are commonly excluded, such as industrial, construction and demolition, and municipal services. In high income countries, only 25 percent to 35 percent of the overall waste stream is from residential sources.

11/34 2- Waste Characterization If municipal waste stream includes construction and demolition waste, the quantity of waste is doubled.

12/34 2- Waste Characterization 2.2 Waste Generation Rates Factors Influence Waste Generation Rates: Socioeconomic development, Degree of industrialization, Climate.

13/34 2- Waste Characterization Greater the economic wealth and the higher percentage of urban population, the greater the amount of solid waste produced Low income countries have the lowest percentage of urban populations and the lowest waste generation rates,

14/34 2- Waste Characterization As GNP increases toward the middle income range, the per capita waste generation rates also increase,

15/34 2- Waste Characterization Current UrbanGNP Per Capita Country MSW Generation (kg/capita/day) (1995 US $) Low Income Nepal Bangladesh Myanmar Vietnam Mongolia India Lao PDR China Sri Lanka MSW Generation (kg/capita/day) GNP Per Capita Country 0.731,410Middle Income Indonesia 0.521,050Philippines 1.102,740Thailand 0.813,890Malaysia ,990High Income 1.599,700Korea, Republic of 5.07*22,990Hong Kong ,730Singapore ,640Japan *Enormous quantities of construction and demolition waste Table 2: Current Urban Municipal Solid Waste Generation

16/34 2- Waste Characterization 2.3 Waste Composition Factors Influence Waste Composition: Geographical location, Standard of living, Energy source, and Weather

17/34 2- Waste Characterization  Percentages based on a weighted average of the compositions for individual countries  Compositions for municipal solid waste based on wet weight  Different definitions and methodologies for determining composition

18/34 2- Waste Characterization Figure 1: Waste Composition of Low, Middle, and High Income Countries

19/34 2- Waste Characterization Conclusion Low and middle income countries have a high percentage of compostable organic matter (40 to 85%) Percentage of consumer packaging wastes increases relative to the population’s degree of wealth and urbanization.

20/34 2- Waste Characterization Continue Conclusion Presence of paper, plastic, glass, and metal becomes more prevalent in the waste stream of middle and high income countries.

21/34 2- Waste Characterization Figure 2: Variations in Waste Generation and Composition

22/34 2- Waste Characterization 2.4 Waste Trends Figure 3: United States Material Consumption Trends, (millions of tones)

23/34 2- Waste Characterization Japan has experienced waste trends comparable to the United States. Waste quantities were rising until 1970, declined temporarily after the 1973 energy crisis, and then rose again slightly. Since 1990, generation rates have stabilized due to an economic slow-down and the implementation of waste reduction policies.

24/34 2- Waste Characterization Figure 4: China City Waste Composition

25/34 2- Waste Characterization China is also experiencing rapid population and economic growth. Consequently, municipal solid waste is increasing in excess of 10 percent per year.

26/34 2- Waste Characterization MSW quantities have increased from 1.19 million tones in 1985 to 1.50 million tones in 1993 Composition shifting towards plastic and paper packaging a reflection of improved living standards.

27/34 2- Waste Characterization 2025 Urban MSW Generation (kg/capita/day) 2025 Urban Populati on (% of Total) GNP Per Capita in 2025 ( US $) Country ,050Low Income Nepal Bangladesh Myanmar Vietnam Mongolia India Lao PDR ,500China ,300Sri Lanka ,390Middle Income ,400Indonesia ,500Philippines ,650Thailand ,400Malaysia ,14 0 High Income ,60 0 Korea, Republic of ,00 0 Hong Kong ,00 0 Singapore ,50 0 Japan Table 3: 2025 Urban Per Capita Municipal Solid Waste Generation

28/34 2- Waste Characterization Waste generation rate for low income countries increase by approximately 0.2 kg per day Packaging wastes, such as paper, plastic, and glass, will increase as economies increase

29/34 2- Waste Characterization Middle income countries should anticipate increase of about 0.3 kg/c.d Overall, waste composition is predicted to become even more variable as the percentage of compostable matter declines, and packaging wastes, especially paper and plastic, increase.

30/34 2- Waste Characterization Figure 5: Total Waste Quantities and Volumes Generated by Low, Middle and High Income Countries (per day)

31/34 2- Waste Characterization MSW Status By 2025: Urban populations from low and middle income countries will triple their current rate of MSW generation Low income countries will generate more than twice as much MSW than all of the middle and high income countries

32/34 2- Waste Characterization Continue MSW Status By 2025: Such a dramatic increase will place enormous stress on limited financial resources and inadequate waste management systems. Per capita MSW generation rate in high income countries is expected to remain stable or even decrease slightly due to the strengthening of waste minimization programs.

33/34 2- Waste Characterization Continue MSW Status By 2025: Overall MSW composition for high income countries is predicted to be relatively stable; A different trend when comparing waste volume; Average waste densities of 500 kg/m3, 300 kg/m3, and 150 kg/m3 were used to calculate the volume of waste generated for low, medium, and high income

34/34 2- Waste Characterization Continue MSW Status By 2025: Low income countries currently produce the highest quantity of waste on mass basis; high income countries generate the most waste on volumetric basis. Increase in volume result of paper, plastics, bulky wastes, and other multi- material packaging in high income countries. Low and middle income countries have a larger percentage of high density organic matter and ash residues