1. SOLID WASTE AND ITS MANAGEMENT
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2. WASTE
It is defined as:
Waste (also known as rubbish, trash, refuse, garbage, junk) is any unwanted or useless materials. OR
“Any materials unused and rejected as worthless or unwanted” and “A useless or profitless activity; using or expending or consuming thoughtlessly or carelessly”
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4. Other parts of animals they slaughter
INTRODUCTION
Since the beginning, Human kind has been generating waste.
It could be in the form of:
Bones
Other parts of animals they slaughter
Wood
With the progress of civilization the waste generated became of a more complex nature.
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5. At the end of 19th century (Industrial revolution) there was rise in the world of consumers.
The increase in population and urbanization was also largely responsible for the increase in solid waste
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6. TYPES OF WASTE Solid Waste Liquid Waste Gaseous Wastes
Animal by-products
Biodegradable waste
Biomedical waste
Bulky waste
Business waste
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7. Construction and demolition waste (C&D waste) Controlled waste
Chemical waste
Clinical waste
Coffee wastewater
Commercial waste
Construction and demolition waste (C&D waste)
Controlled waste
Consumable waste
Composite
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8. SOLID WASTE It is defined as:
“Non-liquid, non-soluble materials ranging from municipal garbage to industrial wastes that contain complex and sometimes hazardous substances”
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9. Solid wastes also include: Sewage sludge Agricultural refuse
Demolition wastes
Mining residues
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10. Broadly there are 3 types of waste which are as follows:
TYPES OF SOLID WASTE
Broadly there are 3 types of waste which are as follows:
Household waste is generally classified as Municipal waste
Industrial waste as Hazardous waste
Biomedical waste or Hospital waste as Infectious waste
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11. Construction and demolition debris
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
Municipal solid waste consists of:
Household waste
Construction and demolition debris
Sanitation residue
Waste from streets.
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13. With rising urbanization and change in lifestyle and food habits, the amount of municipal solid waste has been increasing rapidly and its composition changing.
The existing landfills are neither well equipped or well managed and are not lined properly to protect against contamination of soil and groundwater.
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14. Approximate time it takes to degenerate the litter
The type of litter we generate and the approximate time it takes to degenerate
Type of litter
Approximate time it takes to degenerate the litter
Organic waste such as vegetable and fruit peels, leftover foodstuff, etc
A week or two.
Paper
10–30 days
Cotton cloth
2–5 months
Wood
10–15 years
Woolen items
1 year
Tin, aluminum, and other metal items such as cans
100–500 years
Plastic bags
one million years
Glass bottles
undetermined
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15. HAZARDOUS WASTE
Industrial and hospital waste is considered hazardous as they may contain toxic substances.
Hazardous wastes could be highly toxic to humans, animals, and plants. They are
Corrosive
Highly inflammable, or explosive
React when exposed to certain things e.g. gases
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16. Household wastes that can be categorized as hazardous waste include:
old batteries
shoe polish
paint tins
old medicines
medicine bottles.
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17. Hospital waste contaminated by chemicals used in hospitals is considered hazardous.
These chemicals include formaldehyde and phenols, which are used as disinfectants.
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18. In the industrial sector, the major generators of hazardous waste are the metal, chemical, paper, pesticide, dye, refining, and rubber goods industries.
Direct exposure to chemicals in hazardous waste such as mercury and cyanide can be fatal.
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19. HOSPITAL WASTE
Hospital waste is generated during the diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of human beings or animals
It may include wastes like
Sharps
Soiled waste
Disposables
Anatomical waste
Cultures
Discarded medicines
Chemical wastes
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20. These are in the form of disposable syringes, swabs, bandages, body fluids, human excreta, etc.
This waste is highly infectious and can be a serious threat to human health if not managed in a scientific and discriminate manner
It has been roughly estimated that of the 4 kg of waste generated in a hospital at least 1 kg would be infected
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21. SOURCES AND OTHER TYPES OF WASTE
Typical Waste Generators
Types of solid wastes
1:Residential
Single and multifamily dwellings
Food wastes
Paper
Cardboard
Plastics
Textiles
Leather
Yard wastes
Wood
Glass
Metals
Ashes
Special wastes
(e.g bulky items, consumer electronics, white goods, batteries, oil, tires), and household hazardous wastes.)
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22. Construction and demolition materials Hazardous wastes Ashes
2: Industrial
Light and heavy manufacturing, fabrication, construction sites, power and chemical plants.
Housekeeping wastes
Packaging
Food wastes
Construction and demolition materials
Hazardous wastes
Ashes
Special wastes.
3:Commercial
Stores, hotels, restaurants, markets, office buildings, etc.
Paper
cardboard
plastics
wood
food wastes
glass
metals
special wastes
hazardous wastes
4: Institutional
Schools, hospitals, prisons, government centers.
Same as commercial.
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23. 5:Construction and demolition
New construction sites, road repair, renovation sites, demolition of buildings
Wood
steel
concrete
dirt etc.
6:Municipal services
Street cleaning, landscaping, parks, beaches, other recreational areas, water and wastewater treatment plants.
Street sweepings
landscape and tree trimmings
General wastes from parks
Beaches
Recreational areas; sludge.
7:Process (manufacturing etc.)
Heavy and light manufacturing, refineries, chemical plants, power plants, mineral extraction and processing.
Industrial process wastes
Scrap materials
Off-specification products.
8:Agriculture
Crops, orchards, vineyards, dairies, feedlots, farms.
Spoiled food wastes
Agricultural wastes
Hazardous wastes (e.g., pesticides).
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24.   CAUSES OF SOLID WASTE
The main sources for solid wastes are domestic, commercial, industrial, municipal, and agricultural wastes.
The composition of a city waste is as follows:
Paper, wood, cardboard 53 %
Garbage 22 %
Ceramics, glass, crockery 10 %
Metals 8 %
Rubber, plastics, discarded textiles 7 %
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26. The increase in the quantity of solid waste is due to Overpopulation,
Affluence (material comfort)
Technological advancement
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27. EFFECTS OF SOLID WASTE
a) Health Hazard
If solid wastes are not collected and allowed to accumulate, they may create unsanitary conditions.
This may lead to epidemic outbreaks.
Many diseases like cholera, diarrhea, dysentery, plague, jaundice, or gastro-intestinal diseases may spread and cause loss of human lives.
In addition, improper handling of the solid wastes is a health hazard for the workers who come in direct contact with the waste
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28. b) Environmental Impact
If the solid wastes are not treated properly, decomposition and putrefaction (decay) may take place.
The organic solid waste during decomposition may generate obnoxious (intolerable) odors.
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29. WASTE MANAGEMENT 4 R’s CONCEPT
Four Rs (Refuse, Reuse, Recycle and Reduce) to be followed for waste management.
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30. Interesting, right?
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