1. Solid waste management

2. INTRODUCTION TO SOLID WATSE MANAGEMENT
IMPORTANCE OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
QAUNTITY,COMPOSITION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF DOMESTIC AND MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
METHODS OF SOLID WASTE COLLECTION
SOLID WASTE TREATMENT – COMPOSTING, INCINERATION etc.

3. WHAT IS SOLID WASTE?
Any discarded item; things which are destined for reuse, recycle or reclamation.
Based up on the composition it is divided in to two groups:
(1) combustible or organic solid waste
(2) noncombustible or in organic or mineral solid waste
The kind, composition and sources of these solid wastes is tabulated as follows:

4. Kind Composition Sources Garbage
Wastes from preparation, cooking and serving food, market wastes, wastes from handling, storage and sale of products
Households, restaurants, institutes, stores and markets
Rubbish
Combustible: paper, cartons, boxes, barrels, wood, tree branches, yard trimming, wooden furniture
Non combustible: metals, tin cans, metal furniture, dirt, glass, minerals
Households, restaurants, institutes, sores and markets
Ashes
Residues from fires used for cooking and heating, on site incineration
Street refuse
Sweeping, dirt, contents of litter receptacles, leaves, catch basin dirt
Street, sidewalks, alleys, vacant lots
Dead animals
Cats, dogs, deer, rats
Abandoned vehicles
Unwanted cars and trucks left on public property
Industrial wastes
Food processing wastes, boiler house cinders, metal scrap, shavings
Factories, power plants
Demolition waste
Pipes, rubber caps, bricks, masonry
Renewal projects, demolition site to be used for new building, expressways
Construction waste
Scrap lumber, pipe, other construction materials
New construction, remodeling
Special wastes
Hazardous solids and liquids, explosives, pathological waste, radioactive waste
Households, hotels, hospitals, industry, stores
Sewage treatment residues
Solids fro screening and from greet chambers, septic tank sludge
Sewage treatment plants, septic tanks

5. Composition of MSW in India

6. Based on the above table the solid waste is categorized in four types:
Municipal waste
Industrial waste
Agricultural and animal waste
Hazardous waste

7. WHY IT IS IMPORTNANT TO MANAGE SOLID WASTE?
The roots of the solid waste problem started from the 20th centaury due to
(1) industrial revolution & (2) Technological development
Important aspect of environmental sanitation.

8. Solid waste disposal creates a problem primarily in densely populated areas. The more concentrated population, greater the problem.
For instance, U.S. generated around 214 teragrams (TG) of solid waste in 2003, which is 56% more as compare to 1980 and 170% more than thus the magnitude of solid waste problem is very serious.

9. Another problems which created from solid waste are:
Insects
Rats and other vertebrates vectors
Fire
Odor, When the stink persist all the day and night it causes a major environmental nuisance.
illness to the workers.
Atmospheric pollution, formation of H2S gas.
Visual pollution
Major effects on tourism, ethics and recreation
Water pollution

10. Thus solid waste management involves management of activities associated with
- generation,
storage,
collection,
transfer and transport,
reuse and recycling,
processing and
disposal
which should be environmentally compatible, economically low-cost, aesthetically good and energy efficient.

11. Municipal solid waste
Water
treatment
waste
Special waste

12. Characteristics of Municipal Solid Waste
Physical characteristics – It involves, (i) identification of individual component that make up MSW (ii) analysis of particle size (iii) moisture content (iv) density of solid waste.
II. Chemical characteristics – It involves, (i) proximate Analysis (ii) Fusing point of Ash (iii) Ultimate Analysis of Solid waste components & (iv) Energy content of solid waste. The proximate analysis include tests such as, moisture content, volatile combustible matter, fixed carbon & ash determination.
III. Biological characteristics – It include determination of Biodegradability of Organic Waste Components, Production of Odors, & Breeding of flies.

13. Physical Characteristics
1. Composition:

14. Typical Composition of MSW
Component
Range (% by mass)
Typical (% by mass)
Food waste
6-26 14
Paper
15-45 34
Cardboard
3-15 7
Plastic
2-8 5
Textile
0-4 2
Rubber
0-2
0.5
Leather
Garden trimming
0-20 12
Wood
1-4
Glass
4-16 8
Tin cans 6
Non ferrous metals
0-1 1
Ferrous metal
Dirt, ashes, bricks
0-10 4

15. Physical Characteristics
2. Particle Size:
Important for recovery of materials.
For mechanical separation such as using trommel screen & magnetic separators.

16. Magnetic Separator

17. Physical Characteristics
3. Moisture Content:
Expressed as mass of moisture per unit mass of wet or dry material.
Wet mass method: the moisture in a sample is expressed as a % of wet mass of the material.
Dry mass method: the moisture in sample is expressed as a % of dry mass of the material.
Where, a= initial mass of sample as delivered
b = mass of sample after drying

18. Typical data on moisture content of MSW
Component
% Range
% Typical
Food waste
50-80 70
Paper
4-10 6
Cardboard
4-8 5
Plastics
1-4 2
Textiles
6-15 10
Rubber
Garden trimming
30-80 60
Wood
15-40 20
Tin cans
2-4 3
Leather
8-12
Glass
Non ferrous metals
Dirt, ashes, bricks
6-12 8

19. Example Estimate the moisture content of a solid waste sample:
Component
% by mass
Food waste 15
Paper 45
Card board 10
Plastic
Garden trimming
Wood 5
Tin cans

20. Physical Characteristics
4. Density:
The density of MSW varies greatly with geographic locations, season of the year & length of time of storage.
Great care should be taken when typical values are taken in to consideration.

21. Typical Densities for Solid waste Components & mixtures
Density range ( kg/m3)
Typical value (kg/m3)
Food waste
290
Paper
30-130 85
Leather
90-260
160
Glass
195
Ferrous metals
320
Un compacted MSW
90-180
130
Compacted in compactor truck
300
Normally Compacted in landfill
475
Well compacted in landfill
600

22. Example
Estimate the as discarded density of solid waste sample for following composition.
Component
% by mass
Food waste 15
Paper 45
Card board 10
Plastic
Garden trimming
Wood 5
Tin cans