1. Solid Waste and Excreta Management (EN361)
Dr. Numfon Eaktasang
Thammasat University

2. Sources of Solid Wastes
Municipal waste
Industrial Waste
Agricultural Waste
Hospital Waste

3. Sources of Solid Wastes
Municipal waste
Food wastes, paper, cardboard, textiles, leather, yard wastes, wood, glass, tin cans, aluminum, other metals, ashes, etc.

4. Sources of Solid Wastes
Industrial Waste
Industrial process wastes, scrap, materials, etc.

5. Sources of Solid Wastes
Agricultural Waste
Feedlots, manure, crop wastes, hazardous wastes, etc.

6. Sources of Solid Wastes
Hospital Waste
Infectious waste: waste contaminated with blood and other bodily fluids, cultures and stocks of infectious agents from laboratory work
Pathological waste: human tissues, organs or fluids, body parts and contaminated animal carcasses;
sharps: syringes, needles, disposable scalpels and blades, etc.
Chemicals: solvents used for laboratory preparations, disinfectants, and heavy metals contained in medical devices

7. Sources of Solid Wastes
Hospital Waste
Pharmaceuticals: expired, unused and contaminated drugs and vaccines;
Genotoxic waste: highly hazardous, mutagenic, teratogenic 1 or carcinogenic
Radioactive waste: products contaminated by radio-nuclides including radioactive diagnostic material or radio-therapeutic materials

8. Types of Solid Wastes General wastes
Refuse: glass, paper, plastic, bottles, metal, rubber
Garbage: food waste, vegetable residues
Hazardous – batteries, fluorescent lamp, paints, chemicals residue and its container

9. Composition of Solid Waste
Food Waste
Paper and Cardboard
Plastics
Textiles
Wood
Rubber and Leather
Glass
Metal
Brick and stone
Others

10. Composition of Solid Waste
Combustible Wastes
Non-combustible Wastes
1. Food Waste
7. Glass
2. Paper and Cardboard
8. Metal
3. Plastics
9. Brick and Stone
4. Textiles
10. Others
5. Wood
6. Rubber and Leather

11. Solid Waste Composition in Various Cities
Location
Bio-
waste
Paper
Metals
Glass
Plastics
Rubber
Leather
Textiles
Ceramic
Dust
Wt (kg)/
cap day
Dhaka, Bangladesh
81.0
1.0
0.1
1.6
3.0
13.2
0.27
Mumbai, India
42.3
6.2
0.8
1.3
4.2
23.0*
1.8 -
Bangalore, India
75.2
1.5
0.2
0.9
3.1
19.0
0.40
Seoul, Korea
22.3
16.2
4.1
10.6
9.6
3.8
33.42
2.00
Vientiane, Lao PDR
0.75
Kathmandu, Nepal
42.5
13.9
2.6
2.1
25.5
Manila, Philippines
45.5
14.5
4.9
2.7
8.6
27.5
Colombo, Sri Lanka
65.0
6.0
2.0
0.5
4.0
Bangkok, Thailand
44.3
11.4
2.3
4.5
18.1
5.8
Chiang Mai, Thailand
55.2
11.0
16.0
Lampoon, Thailand
53.4
16.9
1.7
3.2
20.6
2.5
1.10
Hanoi, Vietnam
50.3
0.3
0.7
31.2*

12. Solid Waste Composition in Various Cities
Location
Bio-
waste
Paper
Metals
Glass
Plastics
Rubber
Leather
Textiles
Ceramic
Dust
Wt (kg)/
cap day
Australia
23.6
39.1
6.6
10.2
9.9 -
9.0
1.87
California
39.4
40.8
3.5
4.4
9.6
1.0
1.3
2.00
Europe
30.0 32 8 10 7 4 9
1.20
Vienna, Austria
23.3
33.6
3.7
10.4
7.0
3.1
18.9
1.18
Paris, France
16.3
40.9
3.2
9.4
8.4
17.4
1.43
Germany
35.4
6.8
2.1
3.3 13
2.2
37.2
0.95

13. Solid Waste Composition in Various Cities
Component
Low-income countries
Middle-income countries
Upper-income countries
Organic
Food wastes
Paper and Cardboard
Plastics
Textiles
Rubber and Leather
Yard wastes and Wood
40-85
1-10
1-5
20-65
8-30
2-6
2-10
1-4
6-30
25-60
2-8
0-4
11-24
Inorganic
Glass
Metals
Dirt, ash, etc.
1-40
1-30
4-12
3-13
0-10

14. Factor Effecting on Solid Waste Generation
Geographical location
Seasonal
Economic and income
Attitude and behavioral
Population density
Law and regulation
Government policy
Others

15. Generation Rate
Solid waste generation in terms of one unit of population or place
House A : solid waste generation rate = 1 kg/person/day
Hotel B : solid waste generation rate = 1.5 kg/room/day
Hospital C : solid waste generation rate = 2 kg/bed/day

16. Generation Rate Generation rate at source
Generation rate (kg/person/day) = Weight avg.(kg/day)
Total population (person)

17. Generation Rate Generation rate at disposal site
- Weight-volume analysis
- Load-count analysis

18. Generation Rate Weight-volume analysis
Generation rate (kg/person/day) = Weight avg. (kg/day)
Total population (person)
Weight avg. (kg/day) = Density of waste (kg/m3) x Vol. of waste (m3/day)

19. Generation Rate
Ex 1: The total population of Bangkok is 6 million and total waste generation approximately 3 million tones in Determine the generation rate of Bangkok.

20. Weight avg. = 3,000,000 (ton) × 1000 (kg/ton)
Generation Rate
Solution
Weight avg. = 3,000,000 (ton) × 1000 (kg/ton)
1 yr × 365 day/yr
= 3,000,000,000 kg
365 day
= 8,219, kg/day

21. = 1.37 kg/person/day Answer
Generation Rate
Solution
Generation rate = 8,219, kg/day
6,000,000 person
= kg/person/day Answer

22. Estimation of Generation rate
Wn = W0 (1 + r)n
Wn = generation rate in estimate year (n) W0 = generation rate in reference year r = increase of generation rate per year n = number of estimate year

23. Estimation of Generation rate
Ex 2: Total solid waste generation is 10,000 ton/day in 2010 and increase of generation rate per year is 2%. Estimate the generation rate of solid waste in 2015 and 2020.

24. Estimation of Generation rate
Solution
Estimate the generation rate of solid waste in 2015
Wn = Total solid waste generation in 2010
W0 = Total solid waste generation in 2015
r = increase of generation rate per year
= 2% or 0.02
n = number of estimate year
= 5 years

25. Estimation of Generation rate
Solution
Wn = 10,000 ( )5
= 10,000 (1.104)
= 11,040 ton/day

26. Estimation of Generation rate
Solution
Estimate the generation rate of solid waste in 2020
Wn = Total solid waste generation in 2010
W0 = Total solid waste generation in 2020
r = increase of generation rate per year
= 2% or 0.02
n = number of estimate year
= 10 years

27. Estimation of Generation rate
Solution
Wn = 10,000 ( )10
= 10,000 (1.219)
= 12,190 ton/day

28. Thank You for Your Attention