Italian Unification February 2 nd, 2011

Politique What does it mean to be a politique? What does it mean to be a politique? We’ve identified 2 successful rulers that were considered politiques, who were they & why? We’ve identified 2 successful rulers that were considered politiques, who were they & why?

Revolutions of 1830 & 1848 Inspired by IDEALISM/ROMANTICISM Inspired by IDEALISM/ROMANTICISM Revolutionaries dreamed of a liberal or nationalistic outcome Revolutionaries dreamed of a liberal or nationalistic outcome Result? Result? Fail! Why? Fail! Why?

They missed on the finer details of how to achieve their goals They missed on the finer details of how to achieve their goals Realization: Idealism is not enough Realization: Idealism is not enough

Real Politik “Real” -> “Realism” or “Realistic” “Real” -> “Realism” or “Realistic” Practical, realistic methods to achieve political goals Practical, realistic methods to achieve political goals Idealistic ideas alone aren’t enough Idealistic ideas alone aren’t enough

Italy

Count Cavour [The “Head”] Giuseppi Garibaldi [The “Sword”] King Victor Emmanuel II Giuseppi Mazzini [The “Heart”] Italian Nationalist Leaders

Movement for Italian unification was powered by Guiseppe Mazzini Movement for Italian unification was powered by Guiseppe Mazzini Secret nationalist societies Secret nationalist societies “Young Italy” “Young Italy” The Carbonari The Carbonari

As part of the Concert of Europe, Metternich’s Austrian troops crush the rev’n As part of the Concert of Europe, Metternich’s Austrian troops crush the rev’n The spirit of the rev’n would continue “Risorgimento” = Resurgence The spirit of the rev’n would continue “Risorgimento” = Resurgence

Nationalists continued their attempts to expel foreign rulers such Nationalists continued their attempts to expel foreign rulers such Milan, Lombardy, Venetia (Austrian Rulers) Milan, Lombardy, Venetia (Austrian Rulers) Sicily, Naples (French rulers) Sicily, Naples (French rulers)

Mazzini Mazzini wanted universal male suffrage (“will of the people”) wanted universal male suffrage (“will of the people”) Established a democratic Roman Republic in 1849 Established a democratic Roman Republic in 1849 Protected by Guiuseppe Garibaldi’s forces Protected by Guiuseppe Garibaldi’s forces Austrian & French forces eventually put down the rev’ns Austrian & French forces eventually put down the rev’ns

Garibaldi Defends Rome Against the French, (April 30, 1849)

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Romantic Republicans Mazzini & Garibaldi

Wanted to drive out Austria & est a Republic Wanted to drive out Austria & est a Republic Led insurrections (Guerilla Warfare) around Italy Led insurrections (Guerilla Warfare) around Italy Part of the failed Roman Republic of 1849 Part of the failed Roman Republic of 1849

Problems for Romantic Republicans Italy was diverse Italy was diverse Northern & Middle Italy was more industrialized & liberal Northern & Middle Italy was more industrialized & liberal Southern was more agricultural, poor & conservative Southern was more agricultural, poor & conservative

Many feared a republic was too radical. Why? Many feared a republic was too radical. Why? French Rev’n & the enlightenment often didn’t reach the uneducated or rural French Rev’n & the enlightenment often didn’t reach the uneducated or rural

Camillo Cavour Camillo Cavour ( ) Prime Minister of Piedmont (Kingdom of Sardinia) Prime Minister of Piedmont (Kingdom of Sardinia) Served the King Victor Emmanuel Served the King Victor Emmanuel

Cavour’s Ambitions Unite Italy – Nationalist Unite Italy – Nationalist Monarchist... NOT a Republican Monarchist... NOT a Republican At odds w/ Mazzini At odds w/ Mazzini

Gain Italy’s Autonomy Gain Italy’s Autonomy

State vs Church The Law on Convents & Siccardi Law sought to reduce the influence of the Catholic Church. Pope Pius IX issued his Syllabus of Errors (1864) warning Catholics against liberalism, rationalism, socialism, separation of church & state, & religious liberty.

Cavour = Real Politik Support – France Support – France Appeal - Moderate Appeal - Moderate

Support Cavour provided France & its allies 10k troops in the Crimean War against Russia Cavour provided France & its allies 10k troops in the Crimean War against Russia Helps him get in Napoleon III’s good graces Helps him get in Napoleon III’s good graces

Appeal Cavour presented himself as a safe moderate compared to Cavour presented himself as a safe moderate compared to Republic – Some saw Mazzini as a radical Republic – Some saw Mazzini as a radical Absolutism Absolutism He appealed to international rulers (Nap III) & moderates in Italy He appealed to international rulers (Nap III) & moderates in Italy

Plombiérès Agreement France & Sardinia-Piedmont have a common enemy France & Sardinia-Piedmont have a common enemy Austria Austria Cavour gets France’s Nap III to support him in a war w/ Austria Cavour gets France’s Nap III to support him in a war w/ Austria Cavour provokes Austria to declare war against Piedmont-Sardinia Cavour provokes Austria to declare war against Piedmont-Sardinia

Cavour & Napoleon III Meet at Plombières, 1858

War vs. Austria 1859 – Sar- Pied takes Lombardy 1860 – Sar- Pied takes territories in central Italy

Garibaldi’s Southern Acquisitions 1860 – His Red Shirts take the Kingdom of the 2 Sicilies & Naples

Italy’s Unification Cavour’s acquisition from the North Cavour’s acquisition from the North + Garibaldi’s acquisitions from the South Garibaldi’s acquisitions from the South

Pied-Sard’s King Victor Emmanuel & Cavour convince Garibaldi to give up his acquisitions to them to unify Italy under 1 rule Pied-Sard’s King Victor Emmanuel & Cavour convince Garibaldi to give up his acquisitions to them to unify Italy under 1 rule 1861 Victor Emmanuel is declared King of Italy & presided over a Parliament 1861 Victor Emmanuel is declared King of Italy & presided over a Parliament Italy was united except Venice (Austria) & Rome & the Papal States (France) Italy was united except Venice (Austria) & Rome & the Papal States (France)

Venice Austrian- Prussian War Italy agrees to fight against Austria on condition they get Venice Austrian- Prussian War Italy agrees to fight against Austria on condition they get Venice

Rome (Papal States) Franco-Prussian War Franco-Prussian War France lost & can’t defend the Papal States against Italian troops France lost & can’t defend the Papal States against Italian troops

A Unified Peninsula! A contemporary British cartoon, entitled "Right Leg in the Boot at Last," shows Garibaldi helping Victor Emmanuel put on the Italian boot.