Nationalism & Imperialism

Agree or Disagree? _____ The goals and ideals of different political groups often make a move toward unification difficult. _____ Threats from outside forces are not usually a factor in the unification of a country. _____ A shared history and common traditions may lead to a desire for the establishment of a unified nation.

The Italian Peninsula, 1815

1848: Year of Revolutions Causes: Poor harvests Food shortages Economic depression Unemployment Desire of people for increased political power and civil liberties Nationalism and political liberalism At the barricades

Risorgimento Italian for “resurgence” Period of cultural nationalism and political unification Peasants struggled against landowners Middle class sought expanded rights and opportunities Secret societies and growing literary traditions advanced love and loyalty for Italy and a commitment to Italian unity and independence

Giuseppe Mazzini 1805–1872 Imprisoned 1830–1831, then exiled Founder of “Young Italy” Almost all of his revolutionary efforts against foreign rulers would fail But emerged as the leading spokesman for Italian patriotism

Mazzini on Italy “O, my brothers, love your Country!... Country is not only a mere zone of territory. The true country is the idea to which it gives birth; it is the thought of love, the sense of communion which unites in one all the sons of that territory... And so long as you are ready to die for humanity, the life of your country will be immortal.”

Summary of Italian Unification Passion for a free and united Italy initiated by charismatic nationalists Unification realized by aggressive leaders Political manipulation contributed significantly Foreign powers overthrown Spirit of nationalism began to unite Italians despite cultural, social, and regional differences Italian stamp commemorating Mazzini

The German Confederation *The red outline indicates the German confederation.

1848 in the German Confederation Middle class sought constitutional government, property rights, security, and prosperity Artisans struggled against industrialists and capitalists, sought to protect guild system Workers demanded suffrage and socialist reforms Peasants sought security in land ownership German peasant workers

German Unification Expanding industrial economy altered economic and political climate in Prussia Otto von Bismarck, architect of German unification Bismarck motivated to consolidate and expand German power Bismarck not motivated by sentimental aspects of nationalism German cultural nationalism would emerge in concert with German unification Germany, 1866–1871

Otto von Bismarck 1815– : elected to the Prussian Landtag 1851–59: Prussian minister to Frankfurt Parliament 1859–1862: Ambassador to St. Petersburg 1862: Ambassador to Paris 1862: Minister-President of Prussia “Blood and iron” Policies

Zollverein (Customs Union) Established 1834, in Prussia Customs barriers eliminated Later expanded across multiple German states Expansion of industry and commerce followed Germany’s middle class strengthened German railroads

Postage stamp commemorating the coronation of Kaiser Wilhelm I “One Kingdom, One People, One God”

“... our task was the establishment or foundation of German national unity under the leadership of the king of Prussia.” —from Bismarck’s memoirs Realpolitik (politics of reality) Bismarck

Eugene Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People

German Unification Overview 5 Great Powers of Europe Wars of the mid-1800s greatly strengthened one of the Great Powers (Prussia became Germany) Balance of power had broken down

Russia Russia covers 10,000 miles across Europe and Asia Territorial gains included Siberia 1600 (Ivan the Terrible), Black Seas and Caspian Seas (1775), and the Sakhalin Islands 1860s Trans- Siberian Railroad completed in1900

Russian Culture Peter Tchaikovsky “1812 Overture” Commemorates Russia’s victory over Napoleon Expresses love of the motherland (Russia) and its people [Nationalism] Introduction- simple violin melody of a Russian hymn. Development- expansion of melody and development of tensions (war) with additional instruments- cellos, trumpets, drums Climax- Church bells, Cannons, bring the piece to a close to celebrate the victory

Reform and Reaction Alexander I- “one church, one government, one language” ( ) Nicholas I- ( ) Alexander II ( ) Suppressed opposition to rule, limited freedom of speech Suppressed revolts, started a secret police Freed the serfs, started the Duma (Russian Congress)

Nicholas II Industrialism continues in Russia with iron and steel industries Strengthens military Trans-Siberian Railroad completed in Political (people want democracy) and economic (no land reform, poor working conditions) problems

1905 Revolution Tsar Nicholas II crushes peaceful protest After 1905 Revolution, Tsar promises economic and political reform, but does not see them as priorities.

Imperialism

Imperialism the policy of extending a nation's economic, political, and/or social control over a weaker nation; the policy of extending territory or establishing dominance over another nation.

Agree or Disagree? _____ An industrialized country can easily control a country that is not industrialized. _____ Imperialists should expand into locations that benefit their need to transport goods and raw materials. _____ Imperialists should expand into areas that have natural resources they can use.

Types of Imperialism Colony - direct control by the mother country Protectorate - Native ruler remains in place, but with foreign power's advisers Sphere of Influence - Foreign power has exclusive rights to development Concession - Foreign power has right to develop one specific aspect of the economy Lease - Foreign power rents an area from a less developed country

Cause #1 1. Economic Need for raw materials (coal, cotton...) and markets Trade Source of cheap labor Invest excess capital at a high rate of return Make loans to colonies for building railways, steamship lines...

Cause #2 2. Political Acquire territory Obtain bases and outposts for military Establish a government; belief colonies were unfit to self-govern Desire for great power status (colonies meant power and prestige) Ambitions of power, glory, and national greatness Demonstrate the power of their military and strength of their weapons

Cause #3 3. Social Spread Christianity to the colonies ("White Man's Burden") Belief of superiority Evolution/"survival of the fittest" (Social Darwinism) Duty to spread their race, beliefs, and Western culture Educate the colonies ETHNOCENTRISM

Colonial Empires around the World

Imperialism Around the World

Imperialism in Africa

Main Ideas: Ignored the claims of African ethnic groups, kingdoms, and city-states Europeans established colonial claims Why it matters today: African nations continue to feel the effects of the colonial presence of 100 years ago.

How did it happen? Explorers, missionaries, and reporters go in to Africa Some make claims on the land Greed, nationalism, racism, and philanthropy motivate European colonialism. Superior arms, the steam engine, medicines, and African rivalries help Europeans dominate Africa Berlin Conference divides land among European nations Divisions ignore ethnic and linguistic groupings Europeans take advantage of the natural resources Africans treated cruelly, exploited, and subject to unfair battles

Did they ever resist? Of course! However, there was a lack of organization and weapons Ethiopia was successful –played Europeans against one another –meanwhile stockpiled weapons –eventually declared war on the Italians & won

Impact on Africa Positive reduced local warfare humanitarian efforts –improved sanitation –hospitals –schools increased lifespan & literacy rate economic expansion –brought markets, railroads, dams, & phone lines Negative lost control of land & freedom new diseases famines breakdown of traditional culture men forced to leave villages to work in mines or govt. projects boundary issues

Imperialism in Africa Which European countries colonized Africa? Why would Madagascar be colonized before Uganda? Which country was not colonized by a European nation? Why Not?

Imperialism in China

Big Problems in Little China Little interest in trade with the west British have unfavorable balance of trade Solution: smuggle in opium Result: 12 million addicted Chinese Aftermath: War breaks out when British refuse to stop trading the drug

Opium Wars British merchants: –earned huge profits by smuggling opium –brought it from Turkey and India 1839 –Chinese troops tried to stop smuggling and started war 1842 –British won the Opium War –Signed first of many treaties with China

Opium Smokers

Treaty of Nanjing Gave Hong Kong to Britain opened four other ports to British trade Criminal cases involving British citizens would be decided back home The signature page of the Treaty of Nanjing, which ended the Opium War between Britain and China.

What do you think??? Pretend you are a Chinese citizen. How would the Treaty of Nanjing make you feel? Explain.

Problems Increase Treaties are disgraceful poverty & political corruption create problems for China 14 year Taiping Rebellion expressed the discontent of the Chinese people as peasants revolted against the leaders Govt resists modernization Spheres of influence (West & Japan) Open Door Policy with the U.S. (allows trade, but protects from colonization) Boxer Rebellion- expressed discontent of foreign rule –unsuccessful but brought nationalism –govt began to reform

Taiping Rebellion Opium War hurts the Qing Dynasty Rebellion: – Taiping rebels versus the Qing Dynasty Qing got help from European countries –wanted the dynasty to win so the treaties could remain in effect. Qing Dynasty stayed in power

Imperialism Imperialist nations had won their struggle for power in China Great Britain, France, Germany, Russia, Japan –all take large sections of China as Spheres of Influence –What did that mean? had exclusive trading rights

The Boxer Rebellion

 Empress Ci Xi  Hated foreigners  encouraged secret groups to chase the foreigners out of China  Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists, also known as the “Boxers”  Hated foreigners (Europeans)  Secretly worked with the Empress to chase out the foreigners A company of the Bengal Lancers escorts Count Alfred von Waldersee, supreme commander of the Allied forces that helped suppress the Boxer Rebellion, to the Meridian Gate of the Forbidden City.

The Boxer Rebellion  June 1900:  Boxers killed 100’s of foreigners and 1000’s of Chinese Christians –Took control of Beijing  European countries sent 25,000 troops  Killed 1000’s of Chinese  Boxer Rebellion is a failure  Foreigners remain in China

Loss of the Mandate?   Chinese people were losing respect for the dynasty  seek change

Sun Yixian –Revolutionaries form the United League  later called the Kuomintang, or the Nationalist Party Sun Yixian named leader –Attacked Qing troops without success

The Revolution of 1911   2 year old Prince Pu Yi became emperor of China –Sun Yixian becomes first president of the new Republic of China

Imperialism in India

Effects of Imperialism in India British East India Company 1857 Sepoy Rebellion leads to British control of the subcontinent

Gandhi -Considered the Father of Indian Independence Methods used- boycotts of products which were held by a British monopoly – cloth, and salt Civil Disobedience -Non-violent protests, marches,

F a m o u s Quotes “ We will not strike a blow, but we will receive them.” “They may torture my body, break my bones, or even kill me. Then, they will have my body, but not my obedience” In the end, you (the British) will walk out (leave India) because 100,000 Englishmen simply cannot control 350 million Indians if those Indians refuse to cooperate. Peaceful, nonviolent, noncooperation until you yourself see the wisdom of leaving.”

India’s Independence Major Problems: –Diverse cultures –Poverty –Industrialization Conflict between Hindus and Muslims led to a separation and the creation of the Muslim nation of Pakistan

Effects of Imperialism on the European Countries: Clash/War between the European Countries Europeans lost lives in wars to control native people in India, Africa, and China Feeling of superiority prevented imperialists from seeing the value and learning from other cultures Europeans became economically dependent on the cheap raw materials and markets of the colonies Cultural diffusion - influenced the art, food, language, and clothes design

Effects of Imperialism on Conquered People: Positive: Infrastructure improved Education improved Access to medical care increased Food supply increased Economic development stimulated Internal conflicts decreased

Effects of Imperialism on Conquered People: Negative: People with common culture separated Natural resources exploited Native cultures damaged Economic self-sufficiency lost Cash crops overemphasized Family life disrupted Native life expectancy diminished