1. Nationalism and Imperialism

2. Impact of Industrialization Rise of Global Inequality:
Widened wealth gap b/w industrialized & non- industrialized countries
Industrialized saw poor countries as markets for manufacturing products
Began seizing colonies for economic resources  imperialism

3. Nationalism & Imperialism

4. 1848: Year of Revolutions Causes: Poor harvests Food shortages
Economic depression
Unemployment
Desire of people for increased political power and civil liberties
Nationalism and political liberalism
By 1848, the Industrial Revolution, which had started in England, had expanded across Europe. The resulting urbanization led to the growth of both middle and working classes. While factory workers had not yet emerged as a unified political force, the middle class had. Members of the bourgeoisie and artisans desired constitutional reforms and increased political power. Europe’s monarchs were not fully prepared to share power democratically. Thus, growing tension existed between the new social classes emerging out of 19th-century industrialization and older elite from pre-revolutionary times. In this difficult context, food shortages and unemployment sparked discontent that would emerge in full-blown—though widely unsuccessful—revolutions.
At the barricades

5. Summary of Italian Unification
Passion for a free and united Italy initiated by charismatic nationalists
Unification realized by aggressive leaders
Political manipulation contributed significantly
Foreign powers overthrown
Spirit of nationalism began to unite Italians despite cultural, social, and regional differences
The unification of Italy was achieved through a combination of cultural, political, and military strategies. The idea of Italy and a passion for Italy was created through the speeches, literature and culture of the Risorgimento. At the same time, unification would not have been achieved without the courage of numerous armed forces and the skillful manipulation of high-level government officials, particularly Count Cavour.
Italian stamp commemorating Mazzini

6. The unification of Italy was led by Giuseppe Garibaldi and Camillo di Cavour.

7. 1848 in the German Confederation
Middle class sought constitutional government, property rights, security, and prosperity
Artisans struggled against industrialists and capitalists, sought to protect guild system
Workers demanded suffrage and socialist reforms
Peasants sought security in land ownership
In 1848, the Industrial Revolution had not advanced very far in Germany. As a result, Germany did not yet have a political or economically powerful middle class, or a unified proletariat. These social and political divisions prevented Germans from advancing a unified liberal or nationalist movement.
German peasant workers

8. German Unification
Expanding industrial economy altered economic and political climate in Prussia
Otto von Bismarck, architect of German unification
Bismarck motivated to consolidate and expand German power
Bismarck not motivated by sentimental aspects of nationalism
German cultural nationalism would emerge in concert with German unification
After 1850, German industrialization took off. Iron production, the construction of factories, the development of railroads, textile production, and the expansion of related industries led to rapid population growth and urbanization. Between 1862, when Bismarck was appointed Prussian Minister-President, and 1871, when German unification was achieved, Bismarck would make a series of key political and military decisions that strengthened Germany against both Austria and France. Bismarck was a master of realpolitik, or political pragmatism and opportunism. He was not motivated by sentiment. A spirit of German nationalism would emerge within the united Germany, even though it was not a driving force behind unification.
Germany, 1866–1871

9. Otto von Bismarck 1815–1898 1847: elected to the Prussian Landtag
1851–59: Prussian minister to Frankfurt Parliament
1859–1862: Ambassador to St. Petersburg
1862: Ambassador to Paris
1862: Minister-President of Prussia
Bismarck was born in the same year that the Congress of Vienna concluded. A son of Germany’s elite Junker class, Bismarck was elected to the Prussian Landtag (government) at age 35. He served Prussia in a series of prestigious and influential international positions. As a son of Germany’s Junker class, Bismarck sought to protect the interests of Prussia’s elite landowners and aristocrats.
“Blood and iron” Policies

10. Reform and Reaction
Alexander I- “one church, one government, one language” ( )
Nicholas I- ( )
Alexander II ( )
Suppressed opposition to rule, limited freedom of speech
Suppressed revolts, started a secret police
Freed the serfs, started the Duma (Russian Congress)

11. 1905 Revolution Tsar Nicholas II crushes peaceful protest
After Revolution, Tsar promises economic and political reform, but does not see them as priorities.

12. Imperialism
the policy of extending a nation's economic, political, and/or social control over a weaker nation; the policy of extending territory or establishing dominance over another nation.

13. Cause #1
1. Economic
Need for raw materials (coal, cotton...) and markets
Trade
Source of cheap labor
Invest excess capital at a high rate of return
Make loans to colonies for building railways, steamship lines...

14. Cause #2 2. Political Acquire territory
Obtain bases and outposts for military
Establish a government; belief colonies were unfit to self- govern
Desire for great power status (colonies meant power and prestige)
Ambitions of power, glory, and national greatness
Demonstrate the power of their military and strength of their weapons

15. Cause #3
ETHNOCENTRISM
3. Social
Spread Christianity to the colonies ("White Man's Burden")
Belief of superiority
Evolution/"survival of the fittest" (Social Darwinism)
Duty to spread their race, beliefs, and Western culture
Educate the colonies

16. Colonial Empires around the World

17. Effects of Imperialism on the European Countries:
Clash/War between the European Countries
Europeans lost lives in wars to control native people in India, Africa, and China
Feeling of superiority prevented imperialists from seeing the value and learning from other cultures
Europeans became economically dependent on the cheap raw materials and markets of the colonies
Cultural diffusion - influenced the art, food, language, and clothes design

18. Effects of Imperialism on Conquered People:
Positive:
Infrastructure improved
Education improved
Access to medical care increased
Food supply increased
Economic development stimulated
Internal conflicts decreased

19. Effects of Imperialism on Conquered People:
Negative:
People with common culture separated
Natural resources exploited
Native cultures damaged
Economic self-sufficiency lost
Cash crops overemphasized
Family life disrupted
Native life expectancy diminished