What’s this about LEARNING? What’s this about LEARNING? Learning & Conditioning- Generalization, Extinction, Discrimination & Spontaneous Recovery

Learning  Learning  relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

Learning vs Conditioning Stimulus A (The word ball) Thought of B (Mental image of a ball) Thought of B (Mental image of a ball) Learning Experience After Learning Neutral stimulus (Bell) Unconditioned response (Salivation) Conditioned response (Salivation) Conditioning Procedure After Conditioning Unconditioned stimulus (Food) Conditioned stimulus (Bell) Stimulus A (The word ball) Stimulus B (Sight of a ball)

Classical Conditioning IIvan Pavlov 1 RRussian physician/ neurophysiologist NNobel Prize in 1904 sstudied digestive secretions

UUnconditioned Stimulus (UCS) sstimulus that unconditionally--automatically and naturally--triggers a response UUnconditioned Response (UCR) uunlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus

CConditioned Stimulus (CS) ooriginally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response CConditioned Response (CR) llearned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus

Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS REFLEX ACTION will elicit a UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS NEUTRAL STIMULUS REFLEX ACTION will elicit a CONDITIONED STIMULUS will elicit a CONDITIONED RESPONSE NEUTRAL STIMULUS will elicit NO REACTION

Pavlov’s Classic Experiment Before Conditioning During ConditioningAfter Conditioning UCS (food in mouth) Neutral stimulus (tone) No salivation UCR (salivation) Neutral stimulus (tone) UCS (food in mouth) UCR (salivation) CS (tone) CR (salivation)

Nausea Conditioning in Cancer Patients UCS (drug) UCR (nausea) CS (waiting room) CS (waiting room) CR (nausea) UCS (drug) UCR (nausea)

Classical Conditioning UCS (passionate kiss) UCR (sexual arousal) CS (onion breath) CS (onion breath) CR (sexual arousal) UCS (passionate Kiss) UCR (sexual arousal) Other examples? Odors? Memory?

Classical Conditioning  Pavlov’s device for recording salivation

Classical Conditioning AAcquisition tthe initial stage in classical conditioning tthe phase associating a ns with an ucs so that the ns comes to elicit a cr

EExtinction ddiminishing of a CR iin classical conditioning, when a UCS does not follow a CS

Strength of CR Pause Acquisition (CS+UCS) Extinction (CS alone) Extinction (CS alone) Spontaneous recovery of CR

Classical Conditioning SSpontaneous Recovery rreappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished CR GGeneralization ttendency for stimuli similar to CS to elicit similar responses

DDiscrimination iin classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli that do not signal a UCS

Do Demo- Eye Blink…. Stop here….. End of lesson one

Behaviorism  John B. Watson  Baby Albert Experiment  Conditioned humans & emotional response

Classical Conditioning

Show Clip… Watson's Baby Albert

Operant Conditioning- Review WWhat is Operant Conditioning? ttype of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment WWhat is the Law of Effect? TThorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

Operant Conditioning BB.F. Skinner ( ) eelaborated Thorndike’s Law of Effect ddeveloped behavioral technology

Show clip- “Skinner Boxes” Waldon Two- A utopian Community? The lollipop experiment

Operant Conditioning SShaping ooperant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer approximations of a desired goal HHot/ Cold Game

Principles of Reinforcement PPrimary Reinforcer iinnately reinforcing stimulus ii.e., satisfies a biological need CConditioned ( secondary)Reinforcer sstimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with primary reinforcer

Experiment- Conditioning the Teacher

How do Punishment & NR differ? PPunishment aaversive event that decreases the behavior that it follows NNR- Precedes behavior and decreases frequency EEX?

Cognition and Operant Conditioning CCognitive Map mmental representation of the layout of one’s environment EExample: after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it LLatent Learning llearning that occurs, but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

IIntrinsic Motivation ddesire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to be effective EExtrinsic Motivation ddesire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishments SSurvey…..

Observational Learning OObservational Learning llearning by observing and imitating others ( modeling)

 Alfred Bandura’s Experiments  Bobo doll  we look and we learn  Prosocial behavior

Does TV Make children Violent? It can magnify predisposition to violence in males. Increase aggressive response in non- violent males Almost no impact on females More than two hours per day before age five increases rate of ADD. Critique of Studies?

Television and Observational Learning