Speciation and Classification Where do all these different organisms come from and how are they described?

Speciation Change in allele frequencies in a population Occurs due to one of these: Natural Selection Sexual Selection Drift in Small Population Mutation

Natural Selection Individuals with undesirable traits are killed and produce fewer offspring Individuals with desirable traits survive and produce more offspring

Bacterial Resistance Peppered Moth

Give an example for Natural Selection: Natural Selection – When dumb people eat Hot Cheetos, they destroy their bodies and are more likely to die.

Sexual Selection Some individuals produce more offspring (greater opportunity to mate) so the frequency of those genes increases Traits may indicate healthy individuals Traits may not serve any purpose at all

Great Frigatebird Bower Bird Australian Fur Seal Blondes

College Grad vs. Drop-Out In general, the more education humans have, the fewer offspring they tend to have… Which has greater fitness for natural selection? Which has greater fitness for sexual selection?

Give an example for Sexual Selection: Sexual Selection – Finches think that blue leg bracelets are sexy, but not red ones.

Drift in Small Breeding Populations Founder Effect Alleles from a small “founding” population are amplified through interbreeding Genetic Drift The allele frequencies in a small isolated population slowly become different from the others Specializing (filling a niche) Variation of individuals allows them to use the ecosystem differently Over time, breeding groups separate and traits become amplified

Galapagos Finches (Specializing) Aquatic Iguana (Genetic Drift)

Polydactyl Humans (Founder)

Mutation New genes are introduced into a population May be harmful, neutral or beneficial (rare)

Sickle Cell (harmful – carry oxygen less well) Albinism (neutral – marginally higher chance of sun damage) Sickle Cell (beneficial – unaffected by malaria)

Give an example for Drift or Mutation: Drift – Squirrels on the top of Mt. Graham that could only breed with other squirrels on the mountain top ended up with more genes with red fur. Mutation – Eating Hot Cheetos when pregnant causes the baby to develop weird birth defects.

Classification The way humans categorize organisms As we learn more we try to modify our classification to match genetic similarity

Try to make your categories genetically similar. Cut out eight organisms. Lump them into three categories. Glue the pictures down and label each category. does not have eyes can’t fly not good for snuggling Try to make your categories genetically similar.

Hierarchical Classification Kingdom Phylum or Division (for Plantae) Class Order Family Genus Species More Specific

Naming a species: Genus species Only one organism per “name” Same name worldwide Punctuation: Capitalize genus Lowercase species Italics or underlined

After people: Various species… Rhea darwinii (flightless bird) Strigiphilus garylarsonii (wingless chewing lice)

Descriptive: Mosquito species names punctor tormentor vexans horrida perfidiosus abominator excrucians

Need both the genus & species Opuntia engelmanii (prickly pear) Echinocereus engelmanii (hedgehog cactus) Opuntia bigelovii (teddy bear cholla)

Abbreviations Opuntia engelmanii Opuntia spp. refers to any species in the genus Opuntia (flat segmented cactus) After it has been referred to once, the abbreviation O. engelmanii can be used

What differentiates species? Organisms with physical differences that cannot breed with one another Similar physiology and ability to have viable offspring defines a species Location (how far away do they have to be?) Issues in defining a species: Physiology (how different do they have to look?) Genetic incompatibility (what if the offspring are infertile?)

Define “species”

Define “species” Deer mouse

Define “species” Mule Horse Donkey

Define “species”

Define “species” Hooded Crow Carrion Crow

Define “species”

Coyote mother + Grey wolf father = Red wolf Define “species” Coyote mother + Grey wolf father = Red wolf

Hierarchical Classification Kingdom Phylum or Division (for Plantae) Class Order Family Genus Species More Specific

Pneumonic Devices to Remember: Kissing Pretty Cathy On Friday Gives Satisfaction

Create an pneumonic device to help you remember the order for classification: K P –or– D C O F G S

Hierarchical Classification Kingdom Phylum or Division (for Plantae) Class Order Family Genus Species More Specific

Hierarchical Classification: Ex. 1 Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata (nerve cord) Subphylum: Vertebrata (backbone) Superclass: Tetrapoda (4-legs, land) Class: Mammalia (mammals) Order: Carnivora (meat-eating) Family: Felidae (cat-like) Genus: Felis (small cats) Species: rufus (Bobcat)

Hierarchical Classification: Ex. 2 Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata (nerve cord) Class: Mammalia (mammals) Order: Carnivora (meat-eating) Family: Felidae (cat-like) Genus: Felis (small cats) Species: rufus (Bobcat) What would a Leopard have in common with the Bobcat? (In terms of classification)

Hierarchical Classification: Ex. 2 Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata (nerve cord) Class: Mammalia (mammals) Order: Carnivora (meat-eating) Family: Felidae (cat-like) Genus: Felis (small cats) Species: rufus (Bobcat) Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata (nerve cord) Class: Mammalia (mammals) Order: Carnivora (meat-eating) Family: Felidae (cat-like) Genus: Panthera (large cats) Species: pardus (Leopard)

Hierarchical Classification: Ex. 3 Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata (nerve cord) Class: Mammalia (mammals) Order: Carnivora (meat-eating) Family: Felidae (cat-like) Genus: Felis (small cats) Species: rufus (Bobcat) What would a Coyote have in common with the Bobcat? (In terms of classification)

Hierarchical Classification: Ex. 3 Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata (nerve cord) Class: Mammalia (mammals) Order: Carnivora (meat-eating) Family: Felidae (cat-like) Genus: Felis (small cats) Species: rufus (Bobcat) Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata (nerve cord) Class: Mammalia (mammals) Order: Carnivora (meat-eating) Family: Canidae (dog-like) Genus: Canis (dogs) Species: latrans (Coyote)

Hierarchical Classification: Ex. 4 Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata (nerve cord) Class: Mammalia (mammals) Order: Carnivora (meat-eating) Family: Felidae (cat-like) Genus: Felis (small cats) Species: rufus (Bobcat) What would a Rock Squirrel have in common with the Bobcat? (In terms of classification)

Hierarchical Classification: Ex. 4 Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata (nerve cord) Class: Mammalia (mammals) Order: Carnivora (meat-eating) Family: Felidae (cat-like) Genus: Felis (small cats) Species: rufus (Bobcat) Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata (nerve cord) Class: Mammalia (mammals) Order: Rodentia (rodents) Family: Sciuridae (active year-round, during the day) Genus: Spermophilus (“loves seeds”) Species: variegatus (rock squirrel)

Hierarchical Classification: Ex. 5 Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata (nerve cord) Class: Mammalia (mammals) Order: Cetacea (fully aquatic) Family: Delphinidae (dolphin) Genus: Tursiops (debated…) Species: truncatus (bottlenose) What would a Great White Shark have in common with the Bottlenose Dolphin? (In terms of classification)

Hierarchical Classification: Ex. 5 Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata (nerve cord) Class: Mammalia (mammals) Order: Cetacea (fully aquatic) Family: Delphinidae (dolphin) Genus: Tursiops (debated…) Species: truncatus (bottlenose) Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata (nerve cord) Class: Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish ) Order: Lamniformes (sharks) Family: Lamnidae (mackerel sharks) Genus: Carcharodon (white shark) Species: carcharias (great white)

Dichotomous Key Groups are always split into TWO until there is only one organism remaining Each line has a description There is only one organism at the end of each line

Phylogenetic Trees Groups are always split into TWO until there is only one organism remaining Every branch has a label There is only one organism at the end of each branch

Phylogenetic Tree

Phylogenetic Tree 1 plants animals

Phylogenetic Tree 1 backbone no backbone plants animals

Phylogenetic Tree 1 live birth lays eggs backbone no backbone plants animals

Phylogenetic Tree 1 aquatic feathers live birth lays eggs backbone no backbone plants animals

Phylogenetic Tree 1 flightless herbivore carnivore aquatic flies feathers live birth lays eggs backbone no backbone plants animals

Dichotomous Key

Example: 1a. Is a plant …………………………. Tree 1b. Is an animal ………………………. 2

Example: 1a. Is a plant …………………………. Tree 1b. Is an animal ………………………. 2 2a. Has a backbone ………………. 3 2b. No backbone …………………. Bee

Example: 1a. Is a plant …………………………. Tree 1b. Is an animal ………………………. 2 2a. Has a backbone ………………. 3 2b. No backbone …………………. Bee 3a. Live birth …………………………. 4 3b. Lays eggs …………………………. 5

Example: 1a. Is a plant …………………………. Tree 1b. Is an animal ………………………. 2 2a. Has a backbone ………………. 3 2b. No backbone …………………. Bee 3a. Live birth …………………………. 4 3b. Lays eggs …………………………. 5 4a. Carnivore …………………….. Lion 4b. Herbivore ……………………. Horse

Example: 1a. Is a plant …………………………. Tree 1b. Is an animal ………………………. 2 2a. Has a backbone ………………. 3 2b. No backbone …………………. Bee 3a. Live birth …………………………. 4 3b. Lays eggs …………………………. 5 4a. Carnivore …………………….. Lion 4b. Herbivore ……………………. Horse 5a. Is aquatic …………………………. Frog 5b. Has feathers ………………………. 6

Example: 1a. Is a plant …………………………. Tree 1b. Is an animal ………………………. 2 2a. Has a backbone ………………. 3 2b. No backbone …………………. Bee 3a. Live birth …………………………. 4 3b. Lays eggs …………………………. 5 4a. Carnivore …………………….. Lion 4b. Herbivore ……………………. Horse 5a. Is aquatic …………………………. Frog 5b. Has feathers ………………………. 6 6a. Flies …………………………... Duck 6b. Flightless ……………………... Kiwi

Making your tree/key… It’s about HOW CLOSELY RELATED To the best of your knowledge Overall traits becoming more specific Pick 8 organisms from the pictures