1. Evolution: Science Department Unit Review #1-46 Science Standards: 7a-d, 8a-e Updated 2011 VG Charles Darwin

2. 1. What is a fossil? History of the Earth (8e)

3. 1. What is a fossil? remains of ancient life History of the Earth (8e)

4. 2. What is the fossil record?

5. all the information about past life

6. 3. What is macroevolution? Give an example.

7. evolution over long periods of time (millions of years) evolution over long periods of time (millions of years) ex Fossil Record ex Fossil Record

8. 4. What is microevolution?

9. all of the small changes in genes that happen in a few generations all of the small changes in genes that happen in a few generations ex Light and Dark Moths, England ex Light and Dark Moths, England

10. 5. What are the four Geologic Eras (in order oldest – recent)?

11. Most Recent Most Recent Oldest Oldest

12. 6. Which era was the longest?

13. Precambrian Precambrian

14. 7. Which era are we currently in?

15. Cenozoic Cenozoic

16. 8. Label the eras below. A. B. C.

17. 8. Label the eras below. Mesozoic Paleozoic Precambrian A. B. C.

18. 9. How many species must become extinct in order to define a mass extinction?

19. 9. What is a mass extinction? At least 60% of unrelated species quickly die At least 60% of unrelated species quickly die

20. 10. Why did life continue to exist on Earth after each mass extinction?

21. new habitats and resources were available to them new habitats and resources were available to them

22. 11. Is there more or less diversity before a mass extinction?

23. More!! More!!

24. 12. Define natural selection: Natural Selection (8a)

25. 12. Define natural selection: how individuals who are better suited to survive and reproduce successfully in their environment how individuals who are better suited to survive and reproduce successfully in their environment Natural Selection (8a)

26. 13. List the 4 steps of Natural Selection

27. 1 – Natural variation 2 – overproduction of offspring 3 – struggle for existence 4 – survival and reproduction

28. 14. What happens to organisms that are NOT well suited to their environments?

29. die or adapt die or adapt

30. 15. What does “survival of the fittest” mean?

31. organisms with high levels of fitness (ability to survive, reproduce, and adapt) organisms with high levels of fitness (ability to survive, reproduce, and adapt)

32. 16. Give one example of how natural selection occurs:

33. Darwin’s Finches: Darwin’s Finches: Finches in the Galápagos Islands have beaks adapted to eat the foods available in the birds’ habitats.

34. 17. Define Species: Diversity of Species (7c, 7d, 8b)

35. 17. Define Species: a group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring a group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring Diversity of Species (7c, 7d, 8b)

36. 18. Define Diversity: 18. Define Diversity:

37. a variety of something such as animals or plants a variety of something such as animals or plants (Pond A has more diversity) (Pond A has more diversity)

38. 19. Populations with (more or less) diversity are more likely to survive.

39. MORE MORE

40. 20. Does asexual reproduction increase or decrease diversity?

41. DECREASE DECREASE Because Because (like cloning) all of its offspring would be the same.

42. 21. What is a mutation?

43. is any change in a DNA sequence is any change in a DNA sequence

44. 22. How Often do Mutations Occur? They occur all the time They occur all the time

45. 23. Are mutations always harmful? Do they always have some effect? Most mutations are harmless, and some are helpful Most mutations are harmless, and some are helpful

46. 24. Do mutations increase or decrease diversity in a population?

47. 22. Do mutations increase or decrease diversity in a population? INCREASE INCREASE

48. 25. Which group in the diagram has the most biodiversity during the Cretaceous period? 26. the Quaternary Period?

49. 23. Which group in the diagram has the most biodiversity during the Cretaceous period? the Quaternary Period? Lizards and Lizards Lizards and Lizards How? Look at the WIDEST band How? Look at the WIDEST band

50. 27. Which of the ponds below has more diversity? Which has a higher chance of survival? Pond A contains 100 organisms - 30 algae, 15 frogs, 10 cattails, 5 ducks, 5 geese, 20 guppies, 13 bass, and 2 alligators. Pond B contains 100 organisms – 50 algae, 25 geese, 20 bass, and 5 alligators.

51. 24. Which of the ponds below has more diversity? Which has a higher chance of survival? Pond A --because contains 8 types of organisms Pond A --because contains 4 types of organisms Pond A contains 100 organisms - 30 algae, 15 frogs, 10 cattails, 5 ducks, 5 geese, 20 guppies, 13 bass, and 2 alligators. Pond B contains 100 organisms – 50 algae, 25 geese, 20 bass, and 5 alligators.

52. 28. Does natural selection work directly on phenotypes or genotypes of an individual? Genetics and Natural Selection (7a, 7b)

53. 25. Does natural selection work directly on phenotypes or genotypes of an individual? Phenotype (physical characteristic) Phenotype (physical characteristic) ex leopards eat what they see…they don’t ask the prey what genotype they have! ex leopards eat what they see…they don’t ask the prey what genotype they have! Genetics and Natural Selection (7a, 7b)

54. 29. The combined genetic information of all members of a population is called the.

55. 26. The combined genetic information of all members of a population is called the. Gene Pool Gene Pool

56. 30. Explain why lethal alleles, such as sickle- shaped blood cells, continue to show up in the gene pool.

57. this disease is passed on by heterozygous individuals this disease is passed on by heterozygous individualsAND natural selection works on phenotype not genotype. natural selection works on phenotype not genotype.

58. 31. Why don’t carriers of these alleles get eliminated through natural selection?

59. Natural selection acts on phenotype—they are normal. Natural selection acts on phenotype—they are normal.

60. 32. In England after the industrial revolution, dark moths had an advantage over light moths. If dark color in moths is dominant (D) why did light moths (dd) continue to reappear?

61. When heterozygous, dark moths mate (Dd X Dd), they produce light moths (dd). When heterozygous, dark moths mate (Dd X Dd), they produce light moths (dd). DDDd dd D d D d

62. 33. In genetic drift, changes in allele (gene) frequencies change due to. Genetic Drift (8c)

63. 33. In genetic drift, changes in allele (gene) frequencies change due to. CHANCE! CHANCE! Why? In small populations, Natural Selection is not the only source of evolutionary change and the laws of probability (genetics) don’t really work. Why? In small populations, Natural Selection is not the only source of evolutionary change and the laws of probability (genetics) don’t really work. Genetic Drift (8c)

64. 34. Genetic drift occurs in population that are in size.

65. small small GENETIC DRIFT: In small populations, individuals that carry a particular allele may have more descendants than other individuals. Over time, a series of chance occurrences of this type can cause an allele to become more common in a population.

66. 35. What is the bottleneck effect?

67. Is what happens when only a few members survive a major catastrophe and pass on those genotypes Is what happens when only a few members survive a major catastrophe and pass on those genotypes

68. 36. Give an example of a situation that could cause the bottleneck effect?

69. Flood, fire, earthquake, meteorite, worldwide disease Flood, fire, earthquake, meteorite, worldwide disease

70. 37. The type of genetic drift that follows colonization of a new habitat by a small group of individuals is called. Original Popn. New Popn.

71. 37. The type of genetic drift that follows colonization of a new habitat by a small group of individuals is called. Founder Effect Founder Effect Original Popn. New Popn.

72. 38. The Amish people having an unusually high occurrence of six fingers are an example of.

73. Founder Effect Founder Effect

74. 39. Label the 3 graphs below.

75. 36. Label the 3 graphs below. A: Directional Selection A: Directional Selection B. Stabilizing Selection B. Stabilizing Selection C: Disruptive Selection C: Disruptive Selection

79. 40. Define speciation: Speciation (8d)

80. 40. Define speciation: is the evolutionary process by which new biological species arise. is the evolutionary process by which new biological species arise.evolutionaryspeciesevolutionaryspecies is the result of reproductive isolation is the result of reproductive isolation Speciation (8d)

81. 41. Why are horses and donkeys considered to be two different species? (think about the definition of species) Species: a group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring Species: a group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring

82. 41. Why are horses and donkeys considered to be two different species? (think about the definition of species) Species: a group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring Species: a group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring They usually don’t breed naturally. When they do, they produce a mule; most mules are sterile. They usually don’t breed naturally. When they do, they produce a mule; most mules are sterile. Mule

83. 42. Define Reproductive Isolation. Give 3 examples:

84. 42. Define Reproductive Isolation: Is when the members of different populations cannot interbreed and new species come up Is when the members of different populations cannot interbreed and new species come up ex 1. Behavioral Isolation 2. Geographic Isolation 3. Temporal Isolation

85. 43. What happens when animals are unable to reproduce for long periods of time with another population of the same animal?

86. They become reproductively isolated and gene pool differences increase They become reproductively isolated and gene pool differences increase

87. 45. Define Geographic Isolation:

88. 44. Define Temporal Isolation Reproductive isolation in which two populations reproduce at different times Reproductive isolation in which two populations reproduce at different times

89. 45. Define Geographic Isolation: occurs when two populations are separated by geographic barriers such as rivers, mountains, or bodies of water occurs when two populations are separated by geographic barriers such as rivers, mountains, or bodies of water

90. 46. What happens two populations of animals are geographically isolated for long periods of time and as a result can no longer reproduce with each other?

91. 42. What happens two populations of animals are geographically isolated for long periods of time and as a result can no longer reproduce with each other? They become different species They become different species

92. STUDY!!!