1. 3 rd Quarter Biology STAR REVIEW

2. Evolution Change in a population

3. Charles Darwin Father of Evolution Sailed on Beagle to study nature Famous Galapagos Islands and Finches

5. Darwin’s Theories Descent with Modification –Newer forms appearing in the fossil record are actually the modified descendants of older species –All the Galapagos finches descended from one common ancestor (or maybe a few)

6. Darwin’s Theories Modification by Natural Selection –Environment may affect individuals in different ways –Survival of the fittest –Organisms adapt to increase their fitness

10. Evidence of Evolution Homologous structures – similar features that originated in a common ancestor

11. Evidence of Evolution Analogous structures – serve identical functions however they did not evolve from a common ancestor

12. Evidence of Evolution Vestigial Structures – has lost its function but is still present in anatomy

13. Evidence of Evolution Similarities in Embryology –Early stages of development are similar

14. Evidence of Evolution Similarities in macromolecules –Proteins, DNA, RNA –Human hemoglobin and gorilla hemoglobin differs by 1 amino acid –Humans and frogs differ by 67 amino acids –The fewer differences, the more closely related two species are

15. Artificial selection Domestic dogs are all the same species –They have been bred by humans to develop different breeds -

16. Biodiversity Bio – life Diverse – variety A wide variety of life forms Ensures that some kind of life will survive throughout major catastrophic events

20. Evolution of Populations Population genetics – study of evolution from a genetic viewpoint Individuals within a population have natural variances –Ex. Eye color

21. Gene Pool and Allele Frequency Allele frequency = # of an allele divided by total # of alleles possible (gene pool) # of an allele total # of alleles

22. Hardy-Weinberg Genetic Equilibrium Allele frequencies tend to remain the same from one generation to the next as long as: 1.No mutations occur 2.No immigration or emigration 3.Population is large 4.Mating is random 5.Selection does not occur

23. Disruption of Genetic Equilibrium Genetic Drift –When allele frequencies change randomly or because of chance -

25. Formation of Species Speciation – the process of forming a new species Can occur by two ways: –Geographic Isolation –Reproductive Isolation

26. Speciation Geographic isolation – physical separation of species

31. Isolation Reproductive Isolation – can no longer breed successfully –Can occur before Ex. Mating at different times of the year –Can occur after Ex. Mule cannot produce more offspring

32. Rate of Speciation Punctuated Equilibrium –Stable period followed by rapid change

33. Rate of Speciation Gradualism –Slow change that happens continuously

34. Classification Binomial Nomenclature –Created by Linneaus –Genus species Canis familiaris –dog Canis lupus –wolf Panthera leo –lion Homo sapiens –human

35. Ecology The study of organisms and how they interact with their environment

36. Energy Transfer Producers –Autotroph (self-feeding) produce their own energy Photosynthesis Chemosynthesis Consumers –Heterotrophs - Get energy from other organisms

37. Consumer Grouping Can be grouped by the kind of foods they eat Herbivores – eat producers Carnivores – eat other consumers Omnivores – eat producers and consumers Detritivores – eat decomposing material Decomposers – cause decay (Bacteria & fungus)

38. Food Chain: A single pathway of feeding relationships among organisms in an ecosystem that results in energy transfer grass seeds ----> mouse ----> owl Producer P. Consumer S. Consumer A food chain always begins with a producer (an autotroph) -

39. Food Web Interrelated food chains in an ecosystem. In this food web, grass has the greatest biomass.

41. Energy Pyramid Tertiary Consume rs Secondary Consumers Primary Consumers Producers Direction Of Energy Flow 100% 10% 1%.1%

44. Population Dynamics Changes in size and overall composition –Birth rate - # of births in a given time –Death rate (mortality)- # of deaths in a given time –Life expectancy – how long an individual can expect to live Humans in the US –Men age 72 –Women age 79

46. Water Cycle The movement of water between various reservoirs is known as the water cycle.

47. Carbon Cycle: The process in which carbon is cycled through the biosphere

49. Human Effects on Carbon Cycle Green house effect –Carbon Dioxide build up in the atmosphere retains heat. –Global temperatures are rising –Environments are changing

51. Nitrogen Cycle: The pathway that nitrogen follows within an ecosystem.

52. Succession (Applies to plants) Sequential regrowth of species in an area Primary succession – development where nothing has previously grown –Rock, sand dune, island formed by volcanic eruption Secondary succession – replacement of species that follows disruption of an existing community –Forest fire, storm, farming, logging

56. Primary or secondary?

58. Climax community End point of succession –Can’t get any bigger or more widespread –Stable for long periods of time