1. Bellringer-5/14/15
Decide if the following scenarios are directional, stabilizing, or disruptive selection.
In a population of green, white, and brown grasshoppers, the green often survive due to their body color matching the grass. Brown and white are often preyed upon by predators.
In mollusks, white and black mollusks survive well at different levels of water. Grey mollusks are a target for predators.
In human babies, small and large babies bring complications at birth. As a result, most babies are born in the 6-8 pound range.

2. Speciation
HOW SPECIES CHANGE OVER TIME

3. Geographic Isolation
When mountains, islands, etc. keep a population isolated
Species will meet different environmental challenges, change and evolve independently than the original population

4. Geographic Isolation leads to adaptive radiation, when one species evolves into many different species over time due to competition of habitat or food!

5. Lemurs of Madegascar

6. Variation Differences in phenotype within one gene
Example: Eye color in humans
Brown eyes are naturally protected from the sun’s glare

7. Variation

8. Coevolution
When one species evolves due to a specific interaction with another species
Example: Flowers and birds/insects; flowers pollinated by hummingbirds often have a narrow, tubular shape

9. Other Factors: Genetic Drift
The change in a frequency of a gene variant (allele) in a population due to random chance
Due to a random event, a significant change happens to the organisms in a population
Much more frequent is small populations!
Example:
Founder Effect
Bottleneck Effect

10. Bellringer-5/18/15
What is survival of the fittest? How does this fit into the idea of natural selection?
What would occur over time if you had a group of organisms who were separated by a river?
Sometimes, natural selection does not play out how we expect. What is it called when selection takes place due to random chance?

11. Classification
CLASSIFYING ORGANISMS

12. Classification Systems
Classification systems are how we organize organisms
This is called taxonomy
The classification of organisms has changed and evolved over the years due to new knowledge
Greater understanding of evolutionary relationships, thanks to DNA technology, has allowed for more detailed classification

13. Classification
The classification of organisms begins with the largest groupings and moves down to the smallest (domain species)
The classification order is as follows:
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Easy way to remember: King Phillip Came Over For Grandma’s Spaghetti!!!

14. What is a Species? Group of the same organisms Live together
Mate and produce viable offspring
“Viable” means they can have babies of their own

15. Scientific Name
The scientific name of an organism is the Genus and Species of an organism
Always written in italics
Example: Humans are Homo Sapians
Only species are able to interbreed!

16. Case Study: Interbreeding
Only species are able to interbreed. Organisms of two different species normally will not breed
Sometimes, organisms within the same genus are able to interbreed, but the offspring are not viable (they cannot reproduce!)
Example: Mules; Ligers
These hybrid organisms are much more common in captivity than in the wild

17. Bellringer-5/18/15

18. Dichotomous Keys A key that helps identify an organism
Uses questions to lead you to the scientific name of an organism
By looking at features of an organism, the key will help you determine what it is!

19. Follow Steps to find out what organism #3 is? #7?

20. Bellringer-5/19/15
Organisms are classified into 7 major groups. List these groups in order from largest to smallest.
Which is the best description of how natural selection changes a species over time?
Survival of the strongest organisms in an environment
Elimination of the smallest organisms by largest organisms
Survival of the organisms genetically best adapted to the environment
Survival of the organisms that occupy the largest area in an environment

21. Phylogenetic Trees
Shows the evolutionary relationship between organisms
Can show which organisms are more closely related than other organisms

22. Phylogenetic Trees
Which organism is more closely related to man? __________ Which organism is man more closely related to: Frog or bird? Why?

23. Cladogram
Shows relationships up-close; characteristics they share

24. Bellringer-5/20/21 Which two organisms are most closely related?
What trait do lizards have that salamanders don’t?

25. Charles Darwin Said… A. Evolution is survival of the smartest
B. Evolution is survival of the strongest
C. Evolution is survival of the fittest
D. Evolution is survival by luck

26. The forelimbs of whales, dogs, humans, and bats are all similar in their arrangement and structure. What category of evidence is exemplified?
Fossils
anatomical similarities
biochemical comparison
embryological comparison

27. What type of Darwin’s Evidence?

28. What type of Darwin’s Evidence?

29. Pelvis bones in a whale or legs on a snake are examples of…
Organs
Adaptations
Natural Selection
Vestigial Structures

30. A mule is not technically a species because…
It doesn’t exist
It can reproduce and have offspring
It’s parents are not the same
It cannot reproduce and have babies of its own

31. What type of selection?

32. There are three phenotypes for a slug. Black, grey, and white
There are three phenotypes for a slug. Black, grey, and white. Over time, the grey slugs die of and the white and black reproduce. What kind of selection?

33. What kind of selection?

34. A squirrel of the same species in 5 different colors is an example of
Variation
Natural Selection
Isolation
Speciation

35. How does pesticide resistance in insects lead to the evolution of the overall insect species?
The species will develop different eating methods to avoid the pesticides
Insects surviving pesticide applications become weaker and will eventually die
Farmers will use different pesticides to kill the insects, eliminating the species
Pesticide-resistant insects will survive and reproduce, increasing the percentage of pesticide- resistant insects in the population

36. Which immune response is passed from mother to child through breast feeding?
Active
Passive
Humoral
Cell-mediated

37. Natural selection cannot occur without
competition for unlimited resources.
gradual warming of Earth.
genetic variation in species.
asexual reproduction in species.

38. Which is most closely related to worms?

39. The classification of some organisms has changed
The classification of some organisms has changed. Which new process is used to reclassify organisms?
Organisms are now given Latin-based scientific names
Structures are now examined at the molecular level
Organisms are now divided into three kingdoms
Structures are now used to classify organisms

40. Bellringer-5/21/15 You have a test today! Take 10 minutes to study:
Evidence of Evolution
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
Types of Selection
Speciation
Classification
Dichotomous Keys
Phylogenetic Trees