Plant Notes Day 1

Describe Plant Adaptations to Life on Land Plants are multicellular eukaryotic autotrophs 1. Cuticle- protective outer covering Adaptations

2. stomata- openings in leaves to prevent water loss a. Day- open, release water & oxygen and take in carbon dioxide b. Night- close to prevent water loss

3. Cellulose- strengthening substance in stems

4. Spores, seeds, fruits- reproductive structures 5. Leaves- photosynthetic organs 6. Roots- organs to help anchor and absorb water

Compare Vascular & Nonvascular Plants 1.Nonvascular Plants without vessels for water & mineral transport Example-mosses 2. Vascular Plants which contain vessels for transport A.xylem- vessels transporting water & minerals up to leaves B.Phloem- vessel transporting sugar down to roots Example-flowers, trees

Describe Mosses 1.Nonvascular plants 2.Small, soft plants which grow in clumps 3.Absorbs water like a sponge 4.Live in moist, shaded areas 5.Height between 1-2 cm 6.Pioneer plants: break down rock

Mosses and Ferns, Life Cycles

7. Reproduction a. alternate generations: have 2 body forms in life cycle b. Gametophyte- body form which produces gametes c. Sporophyte- form which produces spores, grows from gametophyte capsule stalk sporophyte gametophyte Leaflike structure Stemlike structure MOSS

8. Steps in reproductive cycle a.Spore germinate & form gametophyte generation b.Antheridium- forms male gametes(sperm) c.Archegonium- forms female gametes(egg) d.Sperm fertilizes egg & zygote is formed e.Zygote divides and forms sporophyte

Haploid (N) Diploid (2N) MEIOSIS FERTILIZATION Mature sporophyte (2N) Gametophyte (N) Young sporophyte (2N) Zygote (2N) Sperm (N) Egg (N) Spores (N) Capsule (sporangium) Protonema (young gametophyte) (N) Male gametophyte Female gametophyte Antheridia Archegonia Section 22-2 Figure 22–11 The Life Cycle of a Moss Go to Section:

Describe seedless plants 1.Vascular plants- have xylem & phloem 2.Live in moist, fertile shaded areas 3.Form fronds instead of leaves 4.Produce spores instead of seeds Fiddlehead-young fern frond

5. Reproduction a. alternate generations b. sporophtye & gametophyte are independent of each other c. spores released, germinate to form heart- shaped gametophyte called Prothallus d. prothallus produces both antheridium & archegonium e. sperm released & swims through water to egg where it is fertilized f. zygote is formed and develops in sporophyte

Haploid gametophyte (N) Diploid sporophyte (2N) MEIOSIS FERTILIZATION Mature sporophyte (2N) Gametophyte (N) Frond Sperm Egg Spores (N) Antheridium Archegonium Developing sporophyte (2N) Sporophyte embryo (2N) Mature gametophyte (N) Young gametophyte (N) Sporangium (2N) Section 22-3 Figure 22–17 The Life Cycle of a Fern Go to Section:

Quiz #1 Moss & Ferns

1. Plants are ____________, ___________ autotrophs A. multicellular, prokaryotesC. unicellular, prokaryotes B. multicellular, eukaryotesD. unicellular, eukaryotes 2. Identify this part of the plant A. stomataC. cuticle B. celluloseD. phloem 3. Gametophytes produce __________________. A. sporesB. anteridium C. archegonium D. gametes The opening

4. Name this part of the moss life cycle 5. A fern leaf is called a ____. A.Leaflet B.Frond C.Green leaf D.leaf A.Protonema B.Antheridia C.sporophyte D.sperm