Italian Unification Chapter 23

Background The “Long Century” – – French Revolution/Napoleon ( ) – Age of Metternich ( ) – Age of Realpolitik ( ) 2 nd French Empire Italian/German Unification Crimean War Issues in Austria, Britain, and Russia – Age of Mass Politics ( ) – Nationalism played a large role in Eur post 1850

Background Italy still fragmented in the 19 th C Austria, France, the papacy, and Italian nationalists compete for control of the peninsula Giuseppe Mazzini’s romantic nationalism failed to unite Italy in Failure of 1848 showed that left-wing romantic nationalism could not win revolutions alone Age of Realpolitik – Achieving goals through practical means, not idealistic means will help the liberal goals of 1848 be attained. Political goals were achieved in a Machiavellian fashion

Step 1 – Carbonari Insurrections

Giuseppe Mazzini – “The Heart” “A Country is not a mere territory; the particular territory is only its foundation. The Country is the idea which rises upon that foundation; it is the sentiment of love, the sense of fellowship which binds together all the sons of that territory. “ “Insurrection by means of guerrilla bands is the true method of warfare for all nations desirous of emancipating themselves from a foreign yoke.”

Camillo di Cavour – “The Head” Camilo di Cavour – moderate nationalist. Political liberal Prime Minister of Sardinia-Piedmont. – Parliamentary system of gov’t, elections, civil liberties, wanted to decrease influence of RCC – Sought to unite northern Italy/central Italy

Camillo di Cavour – “The Head”

Cavour – “The Head” STEP 2 - Allied w/ FR and GB during Crimean War – What does he get in return? STEP 3 - Convinced FR to help uniting Northern Italy. STEP – Sardinia-Piedmont annexed Lombardy after war w/ Austria 1860 – Annexed other northern/central Italian states. France received Nice and Savoy in return for support of Cavour

Giuseppe Garibaldi – “The Sword” STEP 5 - Garibaldi and his Red Shirts liberated southern Italy and Sicily and united with Sardinia- Piedmont Was a romantic nationalist Victor Emmanuel named King of Italy STEP – Alliance w/ German Chancellor, Otto von Bismarck, led to annexation of Venetia. STEP 7 – 1871 – Rome united w/ Italy after FR loses war w/ Prussia. FR withdrew from Rome.

Political cartoon titled “Right leg in the boot at last” shows Garibaldi putting the boot of Italy on King Victor Emmanuel

Giuseppe Garibaldi - “The Sword” Why do you suppose Garibaldi ceded southern Italy to Victor Emmanuel?

Father of the Fatherland Victor Emmanuel Monument to Victor Emmanuel

DID YOU KNOW? The Margherita pizza was named for Queen Margherita of Italy in the late 19 th century. The red sauce, green basil, and white cheese match the Italian flag.