Chapter 19, Section 2 Reaction and Revolution BIG Idea: Self-Determination In 1848, liberals and nationals rebelled against many of the conservative governments of Europe. Focus Question: Why might growing nationalism have posed a threat to rulers of large territories? After the turmoil of the French revolutionary years, European rulers wanted to return to a conservative order and to keep a balance of power among nations. Liberals and nationals however, struggled to achieve more liberal governments and new nations. Their struggle led eventually to the revolutions that swept across much of Europe in 1848.

The Conference of Vienna After the defeat of Napoleon, Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia met at the Congress of Vienna to restore the former monarchs to ensure peace and balance in Europe. The European powers divided the land to ensure political and military stability. The European powers believed in a political philosophy known as conservatism, which is based on tradition, the value of social stability, and organized religion. After the defeat of Napoleon, Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia met at the Congress of Vienna in September of 1814 to restore the former monarchs to ensure peace and balance in Europe. (Royal families in power prior to Napoleon would return to power.) The European powers divided the land to ensure political and military stability. They wanted to keep any one country from dominating Europe. The arrangements worked out were a victory for rulers who wanted to contain the forces of change that the French Revolution had unleashed. The European powers believed in a political philosophy known as conservatism, which is based on tradition, the value of social stability, and organized religion. Most conservatives at the time favored obedience to political authority. Conservatives hated revolutions and were unwilling to accept demands from people who wanted either individual rights or representative governments.

Within what political boundaries is Vienna located? *German Confederation and Austrian Empire

The Conference of Vienna The European powers, except for Britain, adopted the principle of intervention, which allowed the great powers to send armies into nations where there were revolutions. The great powers used military forces to put an end to revolutions in Spain and Italy and restored monarchies to these nations.

Forces of Change While conservative governments were in charge, powerful forces such as liberalism were spreading. Liberals wanted to be as free as possible from government restraints and to protect civil liberties, such as freedom of the press and speech, religious tolerance, and government rule by constitution. Many liberals wanted a written document like the American Bill of Rights. While conservative governments were in charge, powerful forces such as liberalism were spreading. Liberalism is a political philosophy that grew out of the Enlightenment. Liberals wanted to be as free as possible from government restraint and to protect civil liberties, such as freedom of the press and speech, religious tolerance, and government rule by constitution.. Many liberals wanted a written document like the American Bill of Rights. Liberals did not, however, believe in a democracy in which everyone had a right to vote. They thought that the right to vote and hold office should be open only to men of property.

Forces of Change Another force of change in nineteenth-century Europe was nationalism. Nationalism arose when people began to identify themselves based on language, region, culture, and customs. Nationalism was a threat to conservatism because giving independence to nationalistic groups would upset the balance of power established at the Congress of Vienna. Beginning in 1830, liberalism and nationalism led to revolution in Europe. France and Belgium overthrew the current regimes, while Poland and Italy were unsuccessful in their rebellions. Another force of change in nineteenth-century Europe was nationalism. Nationalism arose when people began to identify themselves based on language, region, culture, and customs. In earlier centuries people’s loyalty went to a king or to their town or region. In the 19th C. people began to feel that their chief loyalty was to the nation. Nationalism became popular after the French Revolution. It was then that Nationalists came to believe that each nation should have its own government. Nationalism was a threat to conservatism because giving independence to nationalistic groups would upset the balance of power established at the Congress of Vienna. Beginning in 1830, liberalism and nationalism led to revolution in Europe. Liberals aligned themselves with nationalists as liberals came to believe that freedom could only be possible in people who rules themselves. Each group of people should have its own state and no state should attempt to dominate another. France and Belgium overthrew the current regimes, while Poland and Italy were unsuccessful in their rebellions.

The Revolutions of 1848 FRANCE Economic troubles in France led to a new rebellion in 1846. The monarchy was overthrown, and the new government established the policy of universal male suffrage. In 1848, a new constitution was ratified, making the Second Republic the new government of France. Severe economic troubles within the French lower-middle class, workers, and peasants led to a new rebellion in 1846. The monarchy was overthrown, and the new government established the policy of universal male suffrage, meaning all adult men could vote. During this time there was bitter and bloody fighting among the French classes and government over issues such as unemployment and government spending. In 1848, a new constitution was ratified, making the Second Republic the new government of France.

The Revolutions of 1848 FRANCE The first elected president was Charles Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte. The first elected president was Charles Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte.

The Revolutions of 1848 GERMAN STATES The 38 independent states of the German Confederacy attempted to unify in 1848. However, the Frankfurt Assembly, an all German parliament, failed to gain the support of Frederick William VI of Prussia, leader of one of the largest independent German states. CENTRAL EUROPE Austria was a multinational state including Germans, Czechs, Hungarians, Poles, Slovaks, Slovenes, Romanians, Croats, Italians, Serbians, and Ukrainians. Hungarian and Czechs demanded their own governments, but were crushed by Austrian and Russian forces in Vienna and Prague. The 38 independent states of the German Confederacy attempted to unify in 1848. However, the Frankfurt Assembly, an all German parliament, failed to gain the support of Frederick William VI of Prussia, leader of one of the largest independent German states. Austria was a multinational state (a collection of different peoples) including Germans, Czechs, Hungarians, Poles, Slovaks, Slovenes, Romanians, Croats, Italians, Serbians, and Ukrainians. The German-speaking dynasty held the empire together. The Germans, only ¼ of the population, played a leading role in governing the Austrian Empire. Hungarian and Czechs demanded their own governments, but were crushed by Austrian and Russian forces in Vienna and Prague.

Name 3 nationalities in Hungary. * Magyar, Romanian, Slovak, German, Croat, Serb

The Revolutions of 1848 Revolts in northern Italian states of Lombardy and Venetia were also put down by Austrian authorities in 1849. The Congress of Vienna had established 9 states in Italy. Revolts in northern Italian states of Lombardy and Venetia to create liberal constitutions and unify Italy were also put down by Austrian authorities in 1849. Throughout Europe in 1848, popular revolts started upheavals that had led to liberal constitutions and liberal governments. However, moderate liberals and more radical revolutionaries were soon divided over their goals, and so conservative rule was reestablished. Even with the reestablishment of conservative governments, however, the forces of nationalism and liberalism continued to influence political events.

ANSWER THE FOCUS QUESTION: Why might growing nationalism have posed a threat to rulers of large territories?

Chapter 19, Section 3 National Unification and Nationalism BIG Idea: Self-Determination In the mid-1800s, the Germans and Italians created their own nations. However, not all national groups were able to reach that goal. Focus Question: Why might groups want self rule? Although the revolutions of 1848 had failed, the forces of nationalism and liberalism remained powerful for the rest of the 19th C. Italy and Germany were unified, and Great Britain and France became more liberal, while Austria and Russia remained authoritarian by the end of the 19th C.

Toward National Unification Russia, seeking warm-water ports, invaded the Balkan provinces of Moldavia and Walachia. The Ottoman Empire controlled these provinces and declared war on Russia. Great Britain and France, fearful of a stronger Russia, joined the Ottoman Turks. Heavy casualties caused Russia to pull out, and the Treaty of Paris (1856) placed the provinces under international control.

Toward National Unification The effect of the Crimean War was that the Concert of Europe was destroyed. Austria did not support its long-term ally in the war, and Russia and Austria became enemies. Without Russia, Austria could no longer prevent Germany and Italy from unifying. In 1850, people looked to the northern kingdom of Piedmont to lead the unification of Italy.

Toward National Unification Piedmont made an alliance with France. In return for territory, France would support the unification of northern Italy. In the south, patriot Giuseppe Garibaldi took control of Sicily, Naples, and the southern mainland of Italy. Garibaldi then turned over control of the south to King Victor Emanuel II of Piedmont. Italy was finally unified after the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 and the Franco-Prussian War of 1870.

Toward National Unification Germans looked to Prussia in the cause of German unification. Prussia was an authoritarian state known for its militarism. In the 1860s, the prime minister Otto von Bismarck ran Prussia without the approval of parliament. He strengthened the army, collected taxes, and expanded into Denmark.

Toward National Unification Bismark is often considered the foremost 19th C. practitioner of realpolitik. The “politics of reality,” politics based on practical matters rather than on theory or ethics. In 1866, Prussia defeated Austria and organized the North German Confederation. The Catholic provinces in the south signed a military alliance with Prussia. In 1870, Prussia and France went to war. Prussia was victorious and was given the territories of Alsace and Lorraine.

Toward National Unification The southern German states agreed to enter into union with Prussia. The Second German Empire, with William I as kaiser, or emperor, was established. England Great Britain was able to avoid the revolutions of Europe by making social and political reforms to stabilize the country. Parliament expanded voting privileges to the middle class, so the middle class now had an interest in ruling. Nationalism and Reform in Europe

Nationalism and Reform in Europe The Industrial Revolution allowed wages of workers to rise significantly, so the working class was now able to share in the prosperity. Queen Victoria, who ruled from 1837 to 1901, reflected the nationalistic pride of British citizens. In France Louis-Napoleon asked the French people for the restoration of the empire. In the plebiscite, 97 percent of the people wanted an emperor. Napoleon III ruled an authoritarian government that limited civil liberties. Napoleon III expanded the economy with government subsidies for infrastructure improvement. He rebuilt Paris with wide boulevards, public squares, underground sewers, and street lights. Napoleon III gave the legislature more power when opposition to some of his economic policies arose. In Austria Nationalism was a problem for the Austrian Empire because it contained so many different ethnic groups. The Compromise of 1867 created a dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary. Each component of the empire had its own constitution, its own legislature, and its own capital–Vienna for Austria and Budapest for Hungary. They were held together by a shared monarch, army, and financial system. Russia After being defeated in the Crimean War, Russia realized it had to modernize. Russia was a large, rural, agricultural society that depended on the authority of the central government to function as a European power. Czar Alexander II decided to enact reforms, and in 1861 issued an emancipation edict freeing the serfs. The new system did not improve the lives of the serfs, however. Alexander’s other reforms led to his assassination in 1881. His son, Alexander III, returned to the old methods of repression.

Nationalism in the United States In the United States, the Federalists and Republicans struggled over political control of the country. Victory in the War of 1812 ended these divisions and gave Americans a surge in nationalistic pride. In the middle of the nineteenth century, slavery became the biggest threat to American political and social systems. Abolitionism in the North challenged the Southern way of life. In the United States, the Federalists and Republicans struggled over political control of the country. Victory in the War of 1812 against the British ended these divisions and gave Americans a surge in nationalistic pride. In the middle of the nineteenth century, slavery became the biggest threat to American political and social systems. The Southern economy, based on cotton plantations depended on slave labor. At the same time Abolitionism, a movement to end slavery, in the North challenged the Southern way of life.

Nationalism in the United States With the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860, South Carolina voted to secede. Six more Southern states joined them and formed the Confederate States of America. The American Civil War lasted for four years. The Union defeated the Confederacy in 1865 creating one nation again. The Emancipation Proclamation declared most of the nation’s enslaved people “forever free.” With the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860, who had said, “this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free” a war between the Northern States and the Southern States became certain. First, South Carolina voted to secede, soon six more Southern states joined them and formed the Confederate States of America. The American Civil War lasted for four years. The Union defeated the Confederacy in 1865 creating one nation again. The Emancipation Proclamation declared most of the nation’s enslaved people “forever free.”

ANSWER THE FOCUS QUESTION: Why might groups want self rule?

HONORS: In addition to your 19.4 homework, if I were you I would also answer Question #3 on page 629!