Renaissance Music ( )

Early and High Renaissance ( ) Introduction –Definition: rebirth or revival, a restoration of vitality after a time of decline. –Process of Rebirth: turned from austere medieval thought with its emphasis on religious authoritarianism to an emphasis on the pleasure of the senses (modeled in classical Greece and Rome). –Humanism: an attitude placing human dignity and humane values foremost.

– Geographical Center: Italy (City States) Florence: Lorenzo Medici Milan: Ludovico Sforza Ferrara: Ercole Este

Cultural and Historical Events –Age of Discovery Christopher Columbus Ferdinand Magellan Columbus Magellan Columbus’ Voyages Magellan’s Voyages

Sir Francis Drake Sir Walter Raleigh Drake Drake’s West Indian Voyage Raleigh Drake

–Heliocentric Universe –Protestant Reformation Martin Luther Henry VIII Galilei CopernicusCopernicus’ Universe Luther’s 95 Theses Huldrych Zwingli John Calvin

– Catholic Counter-Reformation a movement within the Catholic Church to reform itself in the wake of the Protestant Reformation Palestrina’s compositions became the musical model – Monarchs Henry VIIIElizabeth I Charles V Ferdinand And Isabella Phillip II

–Inventions Printing press: Chinese, Johannes Gutenberg Clear glass and mirror Table fork GutenbergPrinting PressGutenberg Bible

The Visual Arts –Architecture Return to Greek and Roman models Movement away from Gothic pointed arches, flying buttresses and ribbed vaulting Bramante – St. Peter Bramante Brunelleschi Brunelleschi’s Florence Cathedral

St. Denis - ParisSt. Mark’s - Venice

–Sculpture Important in the early and high Renaissance Movement toward portraying the body as though it were made of real muscle and bone Donatello Donatello - David Michelangelo Michelangelo - David

–Painting While Medieval artists represented their ideas as symbols, Renaissance painters aimed for realism. Medieval painters gave us stereotypes; Renaissance, individual people. Medieval artists organized space in succeeding planes; Renaissance artists gave depth and perspective. Leonardo da Vinci Da Vinci The Last Supper Mona Lisa

Raphael Michelangelo Raphael Raphael - Parnassus MichelangeloMichelangelo – Creation of Adam Raphael - Parnassus Sistine Chapel

Literature –England: Edmund Spenser, William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe –France: Clement Marot, Pierre de Ronsard –Italy: commedia dell’arte SpencerShakespeareMarlowe

Music in the Renaissance –Style Unlike visual arts, no extant Greek and Roman music models What they did know from the past was in two areas: –stories of music’s compelling effects (Doctrine of Ethos) –Greek descriptions of their scales and modes –Renaissance culture permeated with music –Musical Genres Vocal: Mass, motet, madrigal, chansons, chorale, anthem, hymn Instrumental: dances, ricercar, chaconne

–Musical Elements Melody: small ranges, “updated” chant Harmony: modal (early) to tonal (late), emergence of the triad Rhythm: steady (metered), dance rhythms (instrumental) Texture: Age of vocal polyphony; alternated homophony and polyphony (late Renaissance) Timbre: vocal and instrumental Form: binary (dances) Dynamics: blocked

–Composers Early Renaissance: Guillaume Dufay (c ) –Sound Hallmark: Burgundian consonant sound (3rds, 6ths), fauxbourdon –Kyrie –Gloria –Credo High Renaissance : Josquin des Prez (c ) –Sound Hallmark: imitative polyphony; balance, purity, control and clarity; integrity of the text and unstressed dissonance –Ave Maria Dufay Des Prez

Late Renaissance ( ) Style –Overview of Early and High Renaissance Early: clear melodies, sharply defined rhythms, fauxbourdon - use of 3rds and 6ths High: balance, purity, control and clarity, integrity of the text, unstressed dissonance, imitative polyphony –Late Renaissance composer reveals a desire to create an emotional response in the listener composer offers a more sensuous, sonorous experience(i.e. consonant harmonies ) Textures increased from 3 or 4 to 5 or 6 voices Antiphonal choirs or instrumental groups were common

Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina (c ) –universally acknowledged Renaissance master –Most of his life was in the service of the church –first Renaissance composer whose entire work was published as a complete edition –Created an exemplary style of church music (counter reformation model) –Kyrie from Pope Marcellus Mass PalestrinaPope Marcellus Mass

Madrigal –new Italian polyphonic, secular, a capella vocal genre –late Renaissance’s entertainment music –rapidly spread north to England, France and the Netherlands –Madrigal texts offered unique opportunities for composers to aptly fit the music to the text – text painting, called madrigalism –Thomas Morley (c ) Now is the Month of Maying –Thomas Weelkes (c ) As Vesta was from Latmos Hill Descending

Instrumental Music –subordinate to vocal music ; yet growing greatly –first body of solely instrumental music originates within the Renaissance –instruments mostly doubled the vocal parts –In solely instrumental music, the instruments usually played together as families –Instrumental Families String : viol family, lute Woodwind : transverse flute, recorder Double Reed : shawm (ancestor of the oboe, bassoon, English horn); crumhorn (reed in the mouthpiece) Brass : cornets (trumpets), sackbutt (trombone) Percussion : tambour (hand drum), tamborine, finger cymbals Keyboard : organ, harpsichord

String viol family, lute, harp Viol Lute Harp

Woodwind transverse flute, recorder, shawm, crumhorn Flute FamilyRecorder Family Crumhorn Shawm

Brass cornets (trumpets), sackbut (trombone), serpent (baritone) Cornetts Sackbuts Serpent

Percussion tambour (hand drum), tamborine, finger cymbals Tambours Tabor and Pipe

Keyboard organ, harpsichord, virginal Harpsichords Virginal Table Organs Organ, Germany, 1425Organ, Switzerland, 1435

Giovanni Gabrieli ( ) –Served in San Marco Cathedral, Venice –Polychoral style –Ricercar in the 12th mode Gabrieli