Lecture 6 Form classes or parts of speech

Objectives: To teach the parts of speech. Learning outcomes: The students will be able to learn &use : Form classes. Objectives: To teach the parts of speech. Learning outcomes: The students will be able to learn &use : Form classes.

How do you know class membership of the form of a word?

Form classes are large and open; they readily admit new members, that is new words coming into the language from other languages, as well as new words formed within English, such as minibus

Nouns How are nouns identified? By two aspects: -by inflectional morphemes like the plural(-s pl) ‘s’& possessive ‘s’(-s ps) -by noun forming derivational morphemes added to verbs, adjectives, nouns,adverbs. How are nouns identified? By two aspects: -by inflectional morphemes like the plural(-s pl) ‘s’& possessive ‘s’(-s ps) -by noun forming derivational morphemes added to verbs, adjectives, nouns,adverbs.

Activity 1.Give examples of nouns with inflectional morphemes S pl Possessive S Sing pl

EX 12-1 Underline the words that are nouns according to inflectional criteria 1.Our president has a new plan. 2.The janitors has not seen the umberlla. 3.The counselor may plan a different approach. Home work 5,6

Nouns can also be formed by derivational suffixes added to verbs, adjectives, nouns, adverbs. Give examples(on the board) examples: Accept achieve Advise examples of nouns on P 168 Nouns can also be formed by derivational suffixes added to verbs, adjectives, nouns, adverbs. Give examples(on the board) examples: Accept achieve Advise examples of nouns on P 168

Source adjectives Derived nouns Kind kindness Pure purity -source derived noun Asia Asian Source adjectives Derived nouns Kind kindness Pure purity -source derived noun Asia Asian

Activity 2 Form/make nouns 1.arrive assist important brave book friend cartoon…………………8.free………….

Verbs Verbs have a maximum of five different forms: Base, 3rdperson singular, present participle, past tense, past participle For example:-ride- rides-rode- riding, ridden.Ex 12-4 p170 Verbs have a maximum of five different forms: Base, 3rdperson singular, present participle, past tense, past participle For example:-ride- rides-rode- riding, ridden.Ex 12-4 p170

Give examples of five forms of verbs 1.Base : buy 2.3 rd person singular present participle past tense past participle

P 171 examples

Adjectives According to derivational suffixes: An adjective is a word that is inflected with er or est and that it is capable of forming adverbs with ly or nouns with ness According to derivational suffixes: An adjective is a word that is inflected with er or est and that it is capable of forming adverbs with ly or nouns with ness

Give examples of adjectives

Adverbs The adverb has four suffixes : Ly, wise, ward, and s –and the free form like: Examples: 1.Source adjective derived adverb -fortunate fortunately 2.Source noun derived adverb Clock clock wise The adverb has four suffixes : Ly, wise, ward, and s –and the free form like: Examples: 1.Source adjective derived adverb -fortunate fortunately 2.Source noun derived adverb Clock clock wise

3. Source noun derived adverb -north northward 4.. Source noun derived adverb night nights The s is used for words denoting a time period: -He works days. -He is busy mealtimes. -She plays golf Saturdays. 3. Source noun derived adverb -north northward 4.. Source noun derived adverb night nights The s is used for words denoting a time period: -He works days. -He is busy mealtimes. -She plays golf Saturdays.

-like Source noun derived adverb student student like Source noun derived adverb casual casual-like -like Source noun derived adverb student student like Source noun derived adverb casual casual-like

non-suffixing forms: However, there remains a number of words that do not have (not allow) an inflectional or derivational suffixes; these are non- suffixing forms: However, there remains a number of words that do not have (not allow) an inflectional or derivational suffixes; these are non- suffixing forms:

1.Words that are traditionally called nouns :advice, tennis. 2.Words that are traditionally called adverbs: often, never 3. 2.Words that are traditionally known as adjectives: only 4.most of the words in the structure classes: the, from, since 1.Words that are traditionally called nouns :advice, tennis. 2.Words that are traditionally called adverbs: often, never 3. 2.Words that are traditionally known as adjectives: only 4.most of the words in the structure classes: the, from, since

EX Homework Classify words according to the form class to which they belong. Av(adverb) or Aj(adjective). Mid –Term Exam The end

STRUCTURE CLASSES Structure classes don not belong to the classes that have affixes identifying their parts of speech.

Structure classes characteristics Members are recognized by position. a structure class is small, the larger one prepositions having only about fifty members a structure class has a stable membership, and is a closed class, that is,it rarely admit new members. Members are recognized by position. a structure class is small, the larger one prepositions having only about fifty members a structure class has a stable membership, and is a closed class, that is,it rarely admit new members.

Because structure classes are small, stable and,closed we get to know their membership individually. These are: qualifiers,prepositions,determi ners,auxiliaries,pronouns

Qualifiers Qualifiers occurs before adjectival or adverbial.Examples of qualifiers very, rather. Their function is to modify the head. Examples: -the dinner was ……….. good. -she performed ……..skillfully. Qualifiers occurs before adjectival or adverbial.Examples of qualifiers very, rather. Their function is to modify the head. Examples: -the dinner was ……….. good. -she performed ……..skillfully.

Ex 13-1 Underline the qualifier and indicate whether the qualifier modifies an adjectives or an adverb: -that is very kind of you -you played quite acceptably in the second half.

Ex you are too kind. 2.Are you completely happy with your courses? 3.This water is freezing cold. HOMEORK 6-10 Examples of qualifiers on page 181.

Prepositions Prepositions are words that are usually followed by a noun, noun phrase, personal pronoun,or noun substitutes, which are called objects of prepositions. English has a small group of prepositions.

Ex 13-4 Underline the preposition and the object of preposition twice. 1. the car stopped at the station. 2.we walk under the tree homework

Compound prepositions Examples: p 184 Two parts: Instead of, due to, because of … With noun: in spite of, in front of, in addition to…

Ex 13-7 Underline the compound prepositions: 1.we arrived a head of time. 2.in case of accident,call your insurance agent.

SOME preposition come at the end as in, Relative clause Passive Infinitive Exclamation QW questions SOME preposition come at the end as in, Relative clause Passive Infinitive Exclamation QW questions

determiners a determiner is a word that preceds a noun and serve as a signal that a noun is soon to follow. These are: Articles: a,an,and the Possessive pronouns:my,your,his,her… Demonstratives:this,that,these,those Possessive proper noun a determiner is a word that preceds a noun and serve as a signal that a noun is soon to follow. These are: Articles: a,an,and the Possessive pronouns:my,your,his,her… Demonstratives:this,that,these,those Possessive proper noun

Auxiliaries Auxiliaries are associated with the verb and are of three kinds: A.Modal auxiliaries, can, may, shall, will,could… The present form of modal auxiliaries does not take s in the thrd person singular. Auxiliaries are associated with the verb and are of three kinds: A.Modal auxiliaries, can, may, shall, will,could… The present form of modal auxiliaries does not take s in the thrd person singular.

B.the two primary auxiliaries be, have havebestem has/haveam, is,arePresent tense havingbeingPresent participle Was/werePast tense hadbeenPast participle

c.do