The Rising tide of Immigration

Introduction What is an immigrant? An immigrant is a person who once resided somewhere else and now lives in a different country. Immigrants at Ellis Island after arriving in America

Introduction Steerage

1. Why might they be leaving their homeland? 2. Why might they be going to a new place?

Introduction What are Push/Pull Factors? Possible Push Factors: Religious persecution Political persecution Economic limitations of the home country Protection from war and revolutions in the home country Famine / lack of good farming land Possible Pull Factors: Religious freedom Political freedom Economic possibilities / abundance of jobs Peace Family reunification Better living conditions Abundance of land Hope for something better

Immigration in America Introduction Immigration in America We are going to look at two different eras of immigration to the U.S.: Old Immigration New Immigration Time Period: mid 1800s Time Period: late 1800s – early 1900s (Basically during the Gilded Age)

“Old Immigration” 1830 to 1860: Mostly Irish and German 1860 to 1890: still mainly Northern Europeans (England, Germany, Scandinavia) many came to settle the frontier near growing railroads

“Old Immigration” Homestead Act of 1862 Oklahoma Land Rush – 1889 160 acres of public land free had to settle and farm the land for 5 years thousands moved west (including immigrants) Oklahoma Land Rush – 1889 2 million acres of Creek & Seminole land 50,000 settlers 1 year later 260,000 in Oklahoma territory 1890- millions of acres of Sioux land in SD

“Old Immigration”

“Old Immigration”

“Old Immigration”

“Old Immigration”

“Old Immigration” Many Americans welcomed these “old immigrants” 3. Why might these “old immigrants” be embraced by most U.S. citizens? workers for factories, mines, railroad farmers for the west consumers for agricultural and industrial products men with special abilities and talents additional manpower for military easily assimilated in American society

“Old Immigration” Early 1880’s Welcome To All

Transcontinental Railroad California Gold Rush 1849 Agriculture cut off from rest of the country Pacific Railroad Act (1862) Union Pacific from Omaha west Central Pacific from Sacramento east Completed in 1869 – Promontory, Utah

Transcontinental Railroad

Transcontinental Railroad Irish Immigrants – Union Pacific Railroad workers

Transcontinental Railroad Chinese Immigrants – Central Pacific workers

Transcontinental Railroad

Transcontinental Railroad

Transcontinental Railroad

Transcontinental Railroad May 10, 1869 – Promontory, Utah By the end of the 1800’s four more railroads crossed the country

“New Immigration” 1890 to 1920 mostly southern and eastern Europeans: Italy, Greece, Austria-Hungary, Russia, Poland came in much larger numbers than earlier immigrants largely poor and illiterate – fleeing European cities “birds of passage” – stayed short time, worked, and returned settled mainly in cities near factories NOT frontier had more difficulty assimilating as they were different from Americans – tried to preserve “Old Country” traditions largely Roman Catholic or Jewish native-born Americans feared immigrants would try to “establish” the Catholic church at the expense of Protestantism

“New Immigration” What is Nativism? Nativism is a policy of favoring native inhabitants as opposed to immigrants

“New Immigration” Opposition to “New Immigrants” 4. What could be some reasons why people might oppose “new immigrants”? Reasons to Oppose the New Immigrants: with the frontier closed, there was no land for them new immigrants competed for jobs that should belong to Americans they were harder to “Americanize” and had little education they created ghettos (enclaves) and felt no need to learn American ways many believed they were “inferior” to Old Immigrants

Nativism: “New Immigration” Keep immigrants out! Immigrants were blamed for such things as: the corruption of city government low industrial wages degradation of life in the cities

Discrimination: Irish Immigrants “New Immigration” Discrimination: Irish Immigrants people were Ireland’s greatest export poor, uneducated Roman Catholic (mistrusted) faced discrimination stayed in Eastern cities (too poor to go west) “The Know-Nothings” – smear campaign stuck together became politically powerful

“New Immigration” Caption: "Uncle Sam's Lodging House" Source: Puck Date: June 7, 1882 'Look here, you, everybody else is quiet and peaceable, and you're all the time a-kicking up a row!'"

"the raw Irishman in America is a nuisance, his son a curse "the raw Irishman in America is a nuisance, his son a curse. They never assimilate; the second generation simply shows an intensification of all the bad qualities of the first. . . .They are a burden and a misery to this country." Further, Irish had corrupted our politics, lowered the standards of domestic service, and waged an "imbecilic and indecent war" against the English government. The time had come to clear the Irishman from Uncle Sam's lodging house, where all races and nationalities, except the Irish, got along with each other! Puck June 7, 1882 “New Immigration”

“New Immigration” An Irish thug and a Catholic priest carve up the Democratic Party goose that laid the golden eggs. Thomas Nast – Harper’s Weekly

Ellis Island New York Harbor Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island Point of entry for millions of European immigrants

Ellis Island New York Harbor was the gateway for millions of immigrants to the United States nation's busiest immigration station from 1892 to 1954 12 million immigrants

Ellis Island Today, over 100 million Americans - one third of the population – can trace their ancestry to the immigrants who first arrived in America at Ellis Island Peak year at Ellis Island was 1907, with 1,004,756 immigrants processed All-time daily high occurred on April 17, 1907, when 11,747 immigrants arrived Those immigrants who were approved spent from two to five hours at Ellis Island Arrivals were asked 29 questions including name, occupation, and the amount of money carried Those with visible health problems or diseases were sent home or held in the island's hospital facilities for long periods of time Some unskilled workers were rejected because they were considered "likely to become a public charge."

Ellis Island 5. Why are they sitting in “holding pens”? 6. What might they be feeling as they are waiting?

Ellis Island 7. What is happening in this scene? 8. Is the treatment they are receiving fair or not? Why?

Ellis Island "The Island of Tears" or "Heartbreak Island" Denied admission to the U.S. and sent back to their countries of origin for reasons such as: - having a chronic contagious disease - criminal background - insanity

“New Immigration” Chinese Exclusion Act – 1882 Nativism and Discrimination: Chinese Immigrants Gold rush in California Building of Transcontinental RR Chinese Exclusion Act – 1882 The Act excluded Chinese "skilled and unskilled laborers and Chinese employed in mining" from entering the country for ten years under penalty of imprisonment and deportation.

“New Immigration”

“New Immigration”

European Immigration 1820-1920 Country Total Germany 5,500,000 Ireland 4,400,000 Italy 4,190,000 Austria-Hungary 3,700,000 Russia 3,250,000 England 2,500,000 Sweden 1,000,000 Norway 730,000 Scotland 570,000 France 530,000 Greece 350,000 Graphs and Statistics

Graphs and Statistics Interpreting graphs: 9. What can we learn about Irish immigration by looking at this graph? 10. Can we make guesses about the “push” and “pull” factors that Irish immigrants may have experienced?

Graphs and Statistics Chinese immigration to the United States Interpreting graphs: 11. What can we learn about Chinese immigration by looking at this graph? Chinese immigration to the United States

Graphs and Statistics Immigration and Illiteracy Year of Arrival in the United States Unable to read or write in any language 1896 83,196 1897 44,580 1898 44,773 1899 61,468 1900 95,673 1901 120,645 1902 165,105 1903 189,008 1904 172,856 1905 239,091 1906 269,823 1907 343,402 Graphs and Statistics 12. What does this graph tell us about immigration during the “3rd Wave of Immigration” to the United States?

Graphs and Statistics Interpreting graphs: 13. What do these graphs tell us about immigration during the Gilded Age? 14. What might it tell us about immigration today?

15. What is this political cartoon making new immigrants out to be?

16. Who is the man coming down the gangplank? 17. Who are the men on the dock? 18. Who do the shadows represent? 19. What are the men on the dock trying to tell the arriving immigrant? 20. What is the irony of this cartoon?